Ph.D. Theses
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Browsing Ph.D. Theses by Author "Cılız, Nilgün."
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Item Life cycle management of agricultural and animal wastes through integrated energy systems for a particular region(Thesis (Ph.D.)-Bogazici University. Institute of Environmental Sciences, 2011., 2011.) Şişman, Figen.; Cılız, Nilgün.Life cycle management is very essential to sustainable development which aims a balance between environmental, social and economic dimensions over products’ life cycle. Life cycle management consists of methods to quantify and compare the environmental, social and economical analysis of providing goods and services. While Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is used for estimating the potential environmental impacts of a product; Life Cycle Costing, LCC, is used to assess the total cost of that product during its life cycle. In this study, GaBi4 software is used as the LCA & LCC tool and EDIP 2003 is used as the LCA methodology. The proposed thesis has been prepared as an application of life cycle management to succeed integrated waste minimization and energy conservation for a specific region in Turkey. The thesis covers the environmental and economical evaluation of a pilot scale anaerobic digestion (AD) and biogas recovery system which has been built in Kocaeli, Turkey. The waste recipe which is utilized for biogas production consists of cattle manures, poultry manures, slaughterhouse wastes, vegetable wastes and grass as raw material. The environmental evaluation is made according to the category indicators which are global warming, acidification, aquatic eutrophication, terrestrial eutrophication, photochemical ozone formation (impact on vegetation), stratospheric ozone depletion and the results are compared with six other scenarios including AD of only cattle manure, fossil fuel resources (coal power plant (PP), natural gas PP) and other renewable energy sources (hydro PP, wind PP, Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC)). With a different point of view, these energy production scenarios were evaluated in broad system boundaries and it is determined with this study that if the animal and agricultural wastes are not utilised in anaerobic digestion and biogas recovery system, even the renewable energy systems will be less environmentally friendly. It is determined that only an integrated interpretation of the scenarios can conclude the potential environmental impacts.Item Occurrence, removal, and toxicity of pharmaceutical compounds in the selected drinking water sources of Istanbul(Thesis (Ph.D.) - Bogazici University. Institute of Environmental Sciences, 2023., 2023) Saner, Samim.; Cılız, Nilgün.; Yenigün, Orhan.Pharmaceutical compounds (PCs) after being ingested reach water bodies through the excreta of humans and animals, and depending on the effectiveness of treatment systems, they can end up in drinking water sources, posing a significant threat to public health. In this dissertation; occurrence, removal, fate and cytototoxicity of some PCs were investigated in the raw and treated drinking water samples collected from different water sources of Istanbul. In the first part of the study, 55 PCs were analyzed in all water samples collected from 13 drinking water treatment plants (DWTP) in Istanbul, and 17 PCs were quantified. At least one or more PCs were determined in 77% of all samples. On average 70% of PCs found in raw water was eliminated in DWTPs. In 80% of the samples where PCs were detected, the parent pharmaceutical molecules have been degraded with a removal efficiency exceeding 99%. In the second part, the extent of degradation of PCs were investigated on three molecules; sulfamethoxazole, carbamazepine, and clarithromycin. The main result is that all three tested pharmaceuticals were completely degraded into other organic transformation products after treatment. In the third part, cytotoxicity of degradation products were investigated on human liver (HepG2) and human kidney (HK-2) cells. Significant cytotoxicity was observed in HK-2 and HepG2 cells after treatment in distilled water, whereas in raw water the observed cytotoxic activity disappeared. All these suggest toxicity of degradation products of PCs generated in DWTPs need to be considered comprehensively in the risk assessment, process design and optimization.