Browsing by Author "Yeniad, Nihal."
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Item A longitudinal examination of self-efficacy in the transition to motherhood(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2021., 2021.) Sorgun, Sedanur.; Yeniad, Nihal.; Börkan, Bengü.Previous research consistently revealed that self-efficacy (SE) in the parenting role is critical for parenting skills and child adjustment (Jones & Prinz, 2005). The present study investigated the predictors of SE in the transition to motherhood in a sample of 113 first-time expectant mothers who were at the last trimester of their pregnancy. One hundred of them participated to the follow-up assessment at 4 months postpartum. Participating mothers reported their SE beliefs in the parenting role and depressive symptoms through questionnaires both prenatally and postnatally. Information about their perceived social support and pregnancy-specific distress in the prenatal period and infant characteristics (sex and temperament) was also obtained through self-report. The findings showed that prenatal efficacy expectations were predicted by depressive symptoms, pregnancy-specific distress and social support, specifically support from family. Likewise, social support and SE beliefs during pregnancy as well as depressive symptoms postpartum uniquely predicted postnatal maternal efficacy beliefs while infant sex and temperament did not significantly contribute to this outcome. Furthermore, the sense of SE increased from pregnancy to the postnatal period and pre-post changes in depressive symptoms predicted this increase in maternal SE. Infant temperament did not moderate the relation between depressive symptoms and parenting self-efficacy in the postnatal period. Overall, the results point out the importance of mood and social support in shaping SE beliefs of primiparous mothers. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed in the context of psychological counseling in detail.Item A study for the Wisconsin card sorting test with 6- to 7- year-old Turkish children(Thesis (M.A.)-Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences, 2009., 2009.) Yeniad, Nihal.; Yeniçeri, L. Nur.The present study focused on exploring the relationships of the WCST with certain working memory (WM) and fluid intelligence (FI) tasks. Specifically, the study aimed a) to examine the relationship between executive functioning (EF) and WM, b) to explore the relationship between WM and FI, c) to probe the relationship between verbal and nonverbal WM capacities, d) to investigate the effects of certain family (mothers’ education and number of siblings) and child (age and gender) characteristics on EF performance. Eighty-nine 6- to 7-year-old Turkish children participated in the study. The WCST was applied to assess EF. Verbal and visuospatial WM capacities were measured by Digit Span Backward (DSB) and Finger Windows (FW), respectively. The nonverbal battery of Cognitive Abilities Test (CogAT®-NB) was used to evaluate FI. Certain scores of the WCST were found to be significantly correlated with verbal and visuospatial WM scores indicating that WM is required for some executive functions operated by the WCST. Further, WM tasks showed moderate correlations with the CogAT®-NB score, which appears to be consistent with the argument that WM and FI are related but distinct constructs. Finally, mothers’ education was a significant predictor for children’s EF, WM and FI performances.|Keywords: executive functions, working memory, fluid intelligence, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, CogAT®Item Beliefs about children's upbringing:|The views of Turkish mothers and preschool teachers(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2019., 2019.) Çetintaş, Şeyda.; Yeniad, Nihal.; Emmen, Rosanneke A. G.Child-caregiver relationship is of critical importance for the child‟s social-emotional development. Earlier studies on caregivers‟ sensitivity beliefs have focused on parents‟ childrearing beliefs and behaviors. Although there are some studies on beliefs of some childcare providers such as child psychologists, parenting counselors, and family therapists, the question if parents‟ caregiving beliefs are consistent with the beliefs of preschool caregivers regarding upbringing has not been studied. So, the main goal of the present study was to compare the views of the mothers‟ and to those of their children‟s teachers at preschool about caregiving sensitivity. The sample consisted of a total of 87 caregivers (36 preschool teachers and 51 mothers). Mothers‟ and teachers‟ views about the ideal sensitive mother were measured by the Maternal Behavior Q-Sort Version 3.1 (MBQS) and their views were compared with a criterion sort provided by the experts in the field. Additional comparisons were done to examine if the mothers‟ sensitivity beliefs differed in relation to their education level or their children‟s psychological difficulties which were measured by mother- and teacher-reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The results indicated both similarities and differences in beliefs about sensitive behaviors. Although they shared similar views with experts and with each other, they showed some differences in how descriptive they found the behaviors indicated in MBQS. Education level was found to be as an important indicator of the sensitivity. Hypotheses of the study and the results will be discussed in line with the related literature.Item First-time mothers’ prenatal expectations about coparenting and their postnatal experiences(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2020., 2020.) Ünverdi, Büşra.; Börkan, Bengü.; Yeniad, Nihal.The aim of this study is to investigate primiparous women’s perceptions of coparenting with a specific focus on childcare task division with their partners. Mothers’ prenatal expectations, postnatal experiences, and expectation violations regarding postnatal childcare task division have been explored using a longitudinal design. In the first stage, 113 pregnant women participated in the study, with 97 participating in the second stage (i.e., 4-months postpartum). Family income, couple satisfaction, social support, child characteristics (temperament and sex), and environmental support (grandparental task division and number of caregivers) are used as predictors of childcare task division expectations, experiences, and expectation violations. The results indicate mothers’ prenatal expectations about childcare task division with their husbands to have been towards egalitarian sharing, but most had their expectations violated as the mothers reported doing most of the childcare tasks in the postnatal period. While difference in the mothers’ expectations could not be explained with the predictor variables, postnatal couple satisfaction has been found as the unique predictor of postnatal childcare task division. Moreover, expectation violations are seen to be predicted by family income and couple satisfaction. As a result, the unique importance of couple satisfaction for paternal involvement with childcare has been revealed, with implications for psychological counseling interventions being discussed. Counselors are recommended to guide parents to share their expectations about child-related responsibilities, and handle marital relationship and coparenting together during counseling process.Item Gender stereotypes and middle-school children’s self-perception: A comparison of mothers' and their children's reports(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2018., 2018.) Özen, Elif.; Yeniad, Nihal.; Börkan, Bengü.The present study investigated children’s gender stereotypes in relation with their mothers’ gender stereotypes and their gender. Also, the roles of children’s and mothers’ gender stereotypes and mothers’ perception of their children in predicting children’s self-perception in five competence areas and self-worth beliefs were examined. The data were collected from 270 middle school students and their mothers through schools and home visits. The children’s gender stereotypes were measured with self-developed Gender Stereotype Questionnaire and children’s selfperception was measured with Harter’s Self-Perception Profile for Children; and mothers’ gender stereotypes and their perception of their children were measured with the mother version of the same scales. The child’s gender and mothers’ gender stereotype significantly predicted children’s gender stereotypes. In the second part of the study, the mothers’ perception of their children predicted children’s selfperception in all areas. The mothers’ gender stereotypes was a significant predictor only in scholastic competence while the children’s gender stereotypes only predicted children’s physical appearance beliefs. The interaction between gender and mothers’ perception accounted for children’s scholastic competence and the interaction between gender and children’s gender stereotypes accounted for children’s global self-worth beliefs. These findings indicate the important role of mothers’ perception in children’s self-perception and plot a route for the counseling with the children through getting a support from their mothers.Item Maternal representations during pregnancy :|a study of the five minute speech sample among primiparous women(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2020., 2020.) Hacıoğlu, Melike.; Yeniad, Nihal.The present study examined primiparous women’s mental representations about their unborn baby in relation to their age, prenatal distress, depression, and family income. The sample included 108 expectant mothers, who were in the last trimester of their pregnancy and aged between 21 and 42 years (M = 29.8). The data was collected through home visits. Maternal representations were measured through the Five Minute Speech Sample (Gottschalk & Glesser, 1969) procedure and the samples were coded using the Narrative Coherence scale (Sher-Censor & Yates, 2010). Prenatal distress (Yali & Lobel, 1999) and depression were assessed through the Prenatal Distress Inventory and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale (Radloff, 1977) respectively. The correlations showed that there was variability in relationship among some scores such as focus, elaboration, acceptance, complexity, and coherence. The results of logistic regression analyses revealed that while mothers with higher levels of income used more elaborated narratives about their unborn babies and future mother-infant relationship, they were more concerned about the potential challenges of parenting compared to those with lower levels of income. Moreover, they were more likely to be distracted and lose their focus instead of keeping the baby and relationship as the focal subject of the speech. The practical and methodological implications are discussed from a scientist-practitioner perspective.Item Perceived social support and the psychological well-being of adolescent Syrian refugees(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2019., 2019.) Çakmak, Betül Gülcan.; Börkan, Bengü.; Yeniad, Nihal.The present study investigated the level of perceived social support (SS) and psychological well-being (well-being) in Syrian adolescents in comparison with Turkish adolescents from various socioeconomic status (SES). Also, the roles of the family SES, gender, health, and traumatic experiences on the adolescents’ well-being were investigated. Participants were 178 Syrian and 238 Turkish adolescents and their mothers. The Child and Adolescent Social Support Scale, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and a survey including questions related to the demographic and family SES information were administered to adolescents and a survey assessing the family SES, adolescents’ health and traumatic experience were administered to mothers. Based on the findings, Syrian adolescents had lower levels of SS and well-being than Turkish adolescents did. A higher level of well-being was associated with a higher level of SS (mother, teacher, and classmate). However, the correlation between SS (mother and father) and well-being varied across groups. While the relationship between teacher support and psychological difficulties was moderated by gender in both groups, the relationship between mother support and psychological difficulties was moderated by gender only in Syrian adolescents. The relationship between psychological difficulties and father support was moderated by health only in Syrian adolescents who had health-related problems. Lastly, Syrian adolescents differed on SS and well-being based on their experience of residing in refugee camps. The practical implications for school counselors were discussed.Item Relationships between executive functioning, private speech, and emotion regulation in preschoolers(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2017., 2018.) Öztemür, Gizem.; Yeniad, Nihal.The present study investigated the associations among executive functioning (EF), private speech (PS), and emotion regulation (ER) in a sample 62 preschoolers from the age of 4- to 5-years, their mothers and teachers through a cross-sectional design. Inhibition (IC) and working memory (WM) difficulties of children were measured through mother reports on Childhood Executive Functioning Inventory (Thorell & Nyberg, 2008). Children’s ER strategies were observed during the “Attractive Toy in a Transparent Box” task (Goldsmith, Reilly, Lemery, Longly, & Prescott, 1999). Effortful control and negative emotionality were assessed through mother and teacher reports on the Child Behavior Questionnaire Short Form (Putnam & Rothbart, 2006). Children’s PS was observed during a categorization task and coded according to Berk’s (1986) coding scheme. The PS positively predicted the IC difficulties beyond the child and family characteristics, implying that children who had difficulty in inhibition were more likely to rely on the PS. Bivariate correlations revealed that both the IC and WM difficulties were negatively related to effortful control and positively related to negative emotionality. The results seem to indicate that executive functions and temperamental emotion regulation are interrelated and the PS may have a supportive function for disinhibited children. The practical implications for school counselors and educators were discussed.Item Responsive parenting and children's social-emotional skills in early years : preliminary findings from a low-income sample(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2023., 2023) Altun, Tuğba.; Yeniad, Nihal.Children need emotional support and cognitive stimulation by caregivers to grow, learn and adjust to social life. The main aim of the present study was to examine the relations among maternal depression, responsive parenting behaviors and children’s social-emotional outcomes (i.e., social competence, regulatory problems, externalizing behaviors) during toddlerhood. Poverty poses the greatest risk to the development of young children and challenges parenting in many ways. A sample of 88 low-income mothers with toddlers between 24-31 months of age were recruited through Family Counseling Centers of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. Mothers filled out a demographic form, the Brief Infant-Toddler Social- Emotional Assessment (Briggs-Gowan & Carter, 2006), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scales (Zigmond & Snaith, 1983). The mother-child interaction was also video recorded during a shared reading activity and maternal behaviors were coded by the scale of Observation of Mother-Child Interaction (OMCI) (Rasheed & Yousafzai, 2015). Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that socio-economic status of (SES) families significantly predicted child dysregulation in contrast to responsive parenting behaviors. Besides, SES predicted both responsive parenting domains. Child dysregulation was positively associated with maternal depression, and negatively with emotional support of mothers. Parenting did not mediate the relation between maternal depression and child outcomes.Item The impact of a dialogic-reading program on children’s cognitive outcomes : preliminary findings of a pilot study(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences, 2023., 2023) Asılkefeli, Elifnur.; Yeniad, Nihal.This study aimed to measure the impact of a dialogic-reading intervention program on children’s cognitive outcomes and mothers’ dialogic reading abilities. The study revealed the preliminary findings of a cluster randomized pilot study. The sample of the present study consisted of 92 mothers and their 24-31- months-old children within the intervention and control groups. Participants in the intervention group received an adapted version of a 7-week dialogic reading program in groups of four mother-child dyads while the control group received no treatment. Pretest and posttest assessments were completed for children’s receptive language skills through children’s performance on a receptive language test, children’s expressive language skills through mother-report inventory, selective attention skills via computerized task and focused attention skills and mothers’ book-reading behaviors through observation during shared book reading of mothers with their children. The findings showed no intervention effect on child or mother outcomes, contrary to previous studies (e.g., Cooper et al., 2014). Possible explanations of these preliminary results and recommendations for future studies were discussed.