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A computational model and psychological investigation of event segmentation and learning
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2021., 2021.) Başgöl, Hamit.; Uğur, Emre.; Ayhan, İnci.
Event is a fuzzy term that refers to bounded spatio-temporal units, which guide behavior to allow adaptation to complex environments. The study of event segmentation investigates mechanisms behind detecting these spatial-temporal units. Event segmentation theory states that people predict ongoing activities and monitor their prediction errors for segmentation. In this study, the mechanism underlying the event segmentation ability was enlightened with computational models and psychological experiments. Firstly, inspired by event segmentation theory and predictive processing, a computational model of event segmentation and learning was introduced. The performance of the model was compared with humans in point-light displays-based psychological experiments to verify that it can segment ongoing activity into meaningful units, learn them via passive observation, and represent them in its internal representational space. Results indicated that the computational model reached a comparable performance to humans in event segmentation and event representation experiments. Secondly, focusing on the role of prediction errors in event segmentation, several psychological experiments were conducted with the aim of revealing the effect of sensory information (bottom-up processes) and expectation (top-down influence) on perceived event boundaries. Results of psychological experiments were discussed in light of possible implications and future directions.
A framework for understanding and detecting harassment in socialVR
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2018., 2018.) Powell, Lance.; Özgür, Arzucan.; Akar, Didar.
SocialVR, as experienced in immersive audiovisual environments, is a symmetrical communication medium that allows for both verbal interaction, and limited physical interaction through first-person avatars. Through a qualitative analysis of discourse among SocialVR users, this research finds examples of harassment and evidence for patterns in that harassment, advancing how we understand the current problem. In response, methods of recognizing user and environmental trends towards harassment are discussed. Informed by the qualitative data and literature on harassment in social media, natural language processing is used to classify speech as being harassment according to lexical and structural elements. When implemented by SocialVR platforms, this initial step can be added to and altered, making it an effective tool for preventing abuse among users. This research also provides a method for using convolutional neural networks to classify three-dimensional, vulgar imagery that is produced in SocialVR, narrowly targeting the most common forms of vulgarity. Using a CNN, a classification model is made, which can be used to remove unwanted images with 78% accuracy at testing. This framework includes recommendations on how data should be collected going forward, how data should be used, and the design considerations that should be made for both harassing and non-harassing alike.
A generative model of trust formation and generations
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2018., 2018.) Özdeş, Mehmet Çelik.; Denizhan, Yağmur.; Voss, Stephen,
This thesis introduces an agent based simulation of a multi-generation population with a dynamic trust network in a world with limited resources. This population is assumed to be under evolutionary pressure incurring costs of life and individuals must act wisely in order to survive and reproduce. Over their lifetimes individuals encounter strangers, assess their reliability and build lasting connections. They retain the memory of all past interactions and re-evaluate their trust in others and in themselves after all actions. Individuals employ various strategies to decide their course of action and take advice from their trust networks. We use this generative model to investigate the emergence and consequences of generational differences under various conditions of the world.
A novel framework for morphological processing of Turkish
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences, 2023., 2023) Dursun, Olgun.; Güngör, Tunga.; Atlamaz, Ümit.
Morphological parsing is the computational task of breaking down words into their roots and affixes. There are several successful morphological parsers for Turkish, especially for inflectional morphology. However, there is a gap in the literature concerning the analysis of fusional properties of foreign-origin words, support for prefixes, and comprehensive derivational suffix coverage. To address this gap, this thesis describes and implements a new computational morphological processing framework for Turkish with novel principles. These principles are based on the recent opportunities and requirements in the natural language processing field, namely the transformer-based pre-trained large language models and fine-tuning approaches. The framework contains a description of language resources structure, a morphological analyzer that examines all possible parses of a word, a morphological disambiguator that picks the correct hypothesis among analyzer outputs, and error analysis modules for these tools.
A psychophysical investigation and a philosophical discussion on perception
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2017., 2017.) Gülhan, Doğa.; İnci, Ayhan.; Thorpe, Lucas.
Time seems to be a central mediator of many phenomenal experiences. The current thesis was an attempt to integrate a body of empirical work into philosophical discussions. Firstly, visual mechanisms of time perception were investigated, focusing on the dichotomy of time and motion using psychophysical methods. Specifically, short-term adaptation-based apparent duration compression was examined experimentally: after introducing a brief visual stimulus, perceived duration of the upcoming stimulus at the same side was compressed in comparison to the following stimulus presented at the opposite side. The main results indicated that a dynamic short-term adaptor induces a significant subjective duration compression (~10%) on a subsequently presented test stimulus only for global motion at 50% coherence but not for those at 0%. These results pointed out that the effect may be tuned to sensory motion signals processed by the higher-level global motion areas such as middle temporal complex. Controls provided evidence that this subjective time compression was dissociated from adaptation-induced changes in perceived speed. The duration compression was present even under interocular conditions: this interocular-transfer seems to further supported the idea that high-level motion processing areas might be involved in processing event-time, following an earlier locus at the lateral geniculate nucleus (e.g. Johnston et al, 2006; Ayhan et al, 2011). Secondly, ontological and epistemological issues regarding (perceptual) time was discussed. This part sought to outline some philosophical debates in the context of empirical findings where possible. Without being a radical advocate of a particular philosophical view, a speculative area of discourse was illustrated.
A visual search task to evaluate top-down and bottom-up control of the pre-attentive stage and the ACT-R/PM vision module
(Thesis (M.A.)-Bogazici University. Graduate Institute of Social Sciences, 2006., 2006.) Ünlü, Hakan.; Canbeyli, Reşit.
Visual Attention is deployed in two stages: The pre-attentive stagedetermines which areas of the visual field are relevant for the task and therefore needto be attended. The attentive stage processes the visual information available at the attended portion of the visual field. Two rival views suggest that the pre-attentivestage is controlled by physical properties of the visual field (bottom-up) or the goalsand intentions of the observer (top-down). In support of the bottom-up approach,Theeuwes conducted an experiment to show an irrelevant singleton cannot be masked in a top-down fashion. However Bacon and Egeth (1994) suggested that thenature of the task dictates which method will be used. In this study, threeexperiments were conducted to test Theeuwes̕ Irrelevant Singleton hypothesis andBacon and Egeth̕s Feature Search hypothesis. The results were not compatible with either claim. The experiment results are further analyzed. Data indicate that, search times depend on the color, location, set size and the form (ii) the time spentper item is larger when there is no target in the display; in the presence of atarget, the average search time per item is inversely proportional to the set size. Several possible explanations are discussed. ACT-R/PM is a cognitive architecture that allows a cognitive task to bemodeled in computer environment. One of our experiment setups was modeled in ACT-R/PM to verify that ACT-R/PM can model our task. The results show that,when default parameters are used, ACT-R/PM is slower than human participants. Also, ACT-R models fail to show the inverse relation between average response timeper item and the set size. These results were evaluated and a criticism of current ACT-R/PM constructs was provided.
Acquisition of past tense in Albanian: implications for morphological processing and representation
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences, 2012., 2012.) Strori, Dorina.; Demiralp, Mine Nakipoğlu.; Mungan, Esra.
This study examines the acquisition of past tense in Albanian, which is a highly inflectional language, especially with respect to its verbal system. The past tense depicts a rather complex picture, involving several components and discrepancies. This process is realized via mandatory suffixation (two suffixes available for the third person singular: ‘-i’ and ‘-u’), accompanied by the different combinations of two other inflectional dimensions: stem extension (four available affixes for the third person singular: ‘-v-’, ‘-t-’, ‘-jt-’, ‘-r-’), and stem change. Unlike English, Albanian doesn’t offer a clear distinction between ‘regular’ and ‘irregular’ inflection, and a ‘default-like’ past tense process. Rather, it involves several discrepancies between verbs’ past tense formation and their phonological structure, such that verbs belonging to the same phonological prototype diverge with respect to their past tense formation. Also, it is one of a limited number of languages that offers the possibility to observe paradigmatic relations and discrepancies between a verb’s inflected instances. The present study deals with production data, collected from 64 monolingual Albanian-speaking children divided into three age groups (age range: 2;8 – 5;8). A picture-cued elicitation technique was used to elicit children’s production of the verbs’ present and past tense forms, of which only the past tense productions were coded and statistically analyzed. Verbs from different phonological neighborhoods were included, where special attention was paid towards including verbs for each different past tense process, and verbs from the same phonological prototype, that diverged with respect to their past tense formation. The findings reveal a pronounced tendency of children, regardless of age, to overapply the ‘-v-’ stem extension affix, which is consistently present in the first and second person singular past tense instances of the related verbs, to the third person singular, an instance which is never observed in adult language. This phenomenon suggests effects of paradigmatic analogy. Another major pattern observed was the overgeneralization of a past tense process to verbs that actually employ another past tense formation process. This pattern occurred with verbs whose present tense forms belong to the same phonological neighborhood, therefore indicating effects of phonological similarity on children’s processing of the past tense. The results are discussed with particular attention paid to the accumulating evidence on paradigmatic effects and the analogy between words sharing morphophonological and / or semantic properties. We conjecture that the ‘v-stem extension overgeneralization’ pattern displayed by the Albanian-speaking children is a peculiar phase during their acquisition of the past tense, which promotes their transition to the adult level of processing and representation of this challenging morphological process. Our findings favor morphological processing models in which analogy to other exemplars and intrinsic relations between words play a crucial role.
ACT-R based memory models of iterated prisoner’s dilemma
(Thesis (M.A.)-Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences, 2009., 2009.) Çetinkaya, Ayşegül.; Mungan, Esra.; Bilgiç, Taner,
Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma game is an important tool for studying cooperation in social, biological and artificial environments. Various behavioral and neuroscientific experiments point to complex decision making and memory processes for human subjects. This thesis proposes four distinct memory models of Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma game that are built upon ACT-R cognitive architecture. This work aims to overcome the shortcomings of a previous ACT-R based memory model by Lebiere et al. (2000), by providing extensive exploration of the parameter space and analysis of simulation results for all data points. Moreover, in contrast to previus work, this study introduces distinct declarative memory modules for each player. Third, model behavior is analyzed for the cases where it plays the game not only against itself, but against basic condional and unconditional strategies as well. Finally, by implementation of three new memory models for Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma, this study intends to attain cooperation against teaching strategies. In decision making process, all memory models evaluate expected payoffs of possible moves according to the most likely outcome making that move. First model records game history in terms of frequency and recency of possible outcomes. Second memory model records outcome patterns that are experienced in the course of the game. Third model has a two step decision process where expected payoff is calculated according to both types of information about game history. Forth model employs an association mechanism between goal and declarative modules which enable the model to record outcome history in relation to contextual information that is kept in goal module. After parameter setting, simulations are conducted for the cases where each model plays iterated game with itself and with basic game strategies. According to simulation results, all models were successful in exploiting and defending against unconditional strategies. Against teaching strategies, although they presented learning behavior, all models except third model have failed to attain cooperative equilibrium. First, second and forth models have adapted their behavior to exploit learning Pavlovian strategy and forgiving teaching strategies. All models exhibited learning behavior against basic strategies. For the cases where each model plays the iterated game against itself, all models have successfully attained cooperation in a significant portion of the games. Apart from second model, all models exhibited a learning pattern consistent with human subjects. Moreover, similar to human subjects, simulated agents can be classified into teaching and learning groups according to their behavioral patterns.
Action schemas :|understanding the social-cognitive skills of deaf adults through action-based units of cognition
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2022., 2022.) Can, Berke.; Thorpe, Lucas.; Allen, Jedediah W. P..
This thesis aims to apply action-based theoretical approaches to cognition to the empirical literature on the development of social-cognitive skills like mindreading through characterizing conceptual tools that can help interpret empirical findings. The first chapter looks at the empirical literatures on mindreading development, especially in relation to language development, as well as the arguments of action based theoretical approaches to cognition in general. The second chapter presents an original empirical study conducted with an uneducated deaf population who did not have access to conventionalized language during development and can present an interesting case of adults without mentalistic vocabulary. The findings generally support the literature that many uneducated adults, both deaf and hearing, have difficulties with passing the false belief test, and partially support the role of language in this development. The rest of the thesis aims to characterize conceptual tools that can be used to reinterpret such findings within an action-based framework. Chapter three defines the notion of “action schemas” as interactive and anticipative processes that can be applied in a general way across cognition and are especially powerful in modeling development. Chapter four reinterprets empirical findings presented in chapter two as well as other related findings in the literature through the lens of action schemas. Overall, it is argued that conceptual tools like action schemas can be beneficial for reinterpreting empirical findings within an action-based framework, which can then provide novel accounts of developmental processes.
An lexicon for idiomatic compounds in Turkish
(Thesis (M.A.)-Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences, 2007., 2007.) Eyigöz, Kadriye Elif.; Demiralp, Mine Nakipoğlu.; Say, Ahmet Celal Cem.
This work presents and comprises a constraint-based case-frame lexicon for idiomatic compounds headed by verbs in Turkish. The lexicon covers ten Turkish verbs with the highest number of senses to be used in natural language processing applications for representing and resolving senses of idiomatic compounds. This thesis gives detailed instructions, suggests conventions and describes a structure for organizing the data in the lexicon. It also provides a sample lexicon for ten verbs organized according to the structure proposed, in order to form a guideline for future lexicographic work based on this study.
Belief dynamics and the role of epistemic peership in identity construction
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences, 2022., 2022.) Karatoprak, Mark Ohan.; Boduroğlu, Ayşecan.; Thorpe, Lucas.
The drive for social inclusion has been observed to impact both individual beliefs and their corresponding behaviors. An individual’s uncertainty regarding their position within their affiliated groups has been identified as a factor contributing to the spread of conspiratorial ideation and extreme beliefs. The following paper introduces a model of belief dynamics adapted from predictive brain models which attempts to consolidate a broad range of existing psychology literature. It predicts that individuals will attempt to resolve perceived divergence from the beliefs of their affiliated groups by adjustments to their ideological positions. The model defines this as one strategy of uncertainty mitigation in social contexts. In three experiments, participants were asked to indicate their beliefs regarding a range of topics and the importance of those topics to their identities. Their responses were used to generate the illusion of a group of participants with similar beliefs. Participants were shown fabricated results indicating their divergence in opinion on one particular topic out of the range of topics and then given the opportunity to change their position on that topic. We found participants were more likely to change their endorsement of particular statements to reflect group opinion if they identified strongly with the beliefs used to generate the group. These results suggest that individual endorsements are influenced by others with whom they share a range of ideological positions.
Biases in probability judgments: hot hand versus gambler's fallacy
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences, 2011., 2011.) Tanrıkulu, Ömer Dağlar.; Kılınç, Berna.; Bahçekapılı, Hasan Galip.
This study focuses on how people's causal beliefs about processes that lead to a sequence of events influence their probability judgments on the next outcome. These beliefs affect people's tendencies towards either of the two well-known prediction biases: the hot hand and the gambler's fallacy. In two experiments, we examined the effect of processes that include human performance to people's predictions, probability judgments and randomness judgments. It was observed that when the process that generates a sequence of events includes human performance, the degree of control that the agent, whose performance generates the sequence, has over the outcomes significantly affects subject's randomness judgments about that process, but not their predictions on the next outcome of that sequence of events. When the sequence is generated by a random mechanism, subjects preferred gambler's fallacy for their prediction strategies. However, this effect can be overridden by the effect of the structure of the sequence (alternating vs. streaky) given to the subjects, which also influenced subject's predictions and probability judgments. Suggestions for further research are discussed.
Cognitive dynamics of scientific curiosity
(Thesis (M.A.)-Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences, 2009., 2009.) Subaşı, Ahmet.; İnan, İlhan.; Özsoy, A. Sumru.
The aim of this thesis is to develop an integrative perspective on the cognitive dynamics of scientific curiosity which influence and bias its motivational direction, i.e. its selectivity property. This perspective analyzes both individual dynamics and the outcomes of the interactions between these dynamics. In the thesis scientific curiosity is delimited as a particular type of specific epistemic curiosity and defined as an intrinsic motivation for systematically making sense of phenomena. It is argued that the compositional capacity of human mind, which finds its highest expression in language, makes possible the creation of meaning systems through which human mind systematically makes sense of phenomena. And the systematic aspect of making sense and its relationship to this compositional capacity is discussed. After elaborating on the definition of scientific curiosity, an inquiry is made into the emergence and processes of human symbolic capacity in order to reach findings as to the cognitive dynamics that influence the direction of scientific curiosity motivation. As the most basic definitional framework, compositional dynamic is defined as the creation of and activity within a dynamic system of meanings with a core and periphery the ultimate reference point of which is potentially everything. Other cognitive dynamics that function as subdynamics of this basic motivational dynamic are defined as interest dynamic, expansion dynamic, completion dynamic, hierarchical dynamic and perfection dynamic. The thesis aims to make the following four contributions to the literature: (1) Propose a comprehensive definition of the most basic dynamic of scientific curiosity which accounts for the diffuseness of children’s curiosity as well as the property of curiosity discussed under the title of ‘independence from interests’ in the philosophical literature; (2) hypothesize ‘hierarchical dynamic’ as a general selective tendency of scientific curiosity based on evidence from studies on children’s questions; (3) integrate the findings of the relevant theoretical perspectives under cognitive dynamics perspective that is offered in this thesis; and (4) analyze the interaction of individually studied dynamics and the nature of the research agenda this new perspective can offer.
Contribution of ventral pallidal cholinergic neurons to behavioral despair and fear learning
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2022., 2022.) Halim, Sahar.; Ünal, Güneş.; Schulz, Daniela.
Cholinergic neurons of the Ventral Pallidum (VP) densely innervate the Basolateral Complex (BLA) and Central Nucleus of Amygdala (CeA), and to a lesser extent project to the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis (BNST). Although basal forebrain cholinergic projections have been heavily studied in relation to cognition and explicit memory, there are very few studies that investigate the role of this neuromodulatory pathway in affective processes. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the contribution of ventral pallidal cholinergic neurons to behavioral despair, anxiety, and fear learning. 192 IgG saporin, an immunotoxin selective to cells that contain p75 neurotrophin receptor, was bilaterally injected into the VP of eight adult male Wistar rats to eliminate cholinergic neurons. Lesioned animals were tested in the forced swim test (FST), open field test (OFT), elevated plus maze (EPM), Morris water maze (MWM) and Pavlovian fear conditioning. The results reveal that the elimination of VP cholinergic projections exhibit a reduction of behavioral despair, increased escape latency in MWM, and diminished freezing response in fear conditioning. These results indicate that elimination of VP cholinergic neurons have an antidepressant effect, while suppressing conditioned fear memory. VP cholinergic lesions also lead to deficits in hippocampus-dependent spatial learning. These results suggest that VP cholinergic neurons can be therapeutic targets in clinical depression and fear-related disorders.
Detecting emotions during the application of skin conductance and heart rate measurement techniques
(Thesis (M.A.)-Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences, 2009., 2009.) Çakar, Tuna.; Güçlü, Burak.; Soyhun, Karanfil.
Emotions have long been recognized as influential factors in human behavior and they have various influences on motivation, cognition and attention. A variety of empirical evidences have shown that emotions have been a vital component of cognitive processes. Although there is great interest in determining the role of emotions in cognitive processes, the application of physiological emotion measurement by experimental techniques is still limited. This research investigates the emotion through a series of psycho-physics experiments. One aim of this research is to demonstrate its use via an experimental design for investigating the role of emotions in external affection during affective picture viewing. Another aim is to apply the tools for measuring emotions in ways that will make them more accessible to researchers wishing to investigate the emotional determinants of subjective affection. In other words, the purpose of this study is to test the equipment whether it could be used to demonstrate the emotional affection and to characterize type of experienced emotions. These goals have been accomplished by adopting and refining a physiological technique of emotion measurement known as electro-dermal activity and heart rate measurement. Many of the studies involve the use of physiological equipment that is costly and difficult to implement. One of the main features of this research is to use a low-cost instrument for electro-dermal activity (EDA) measurement that has been non-invasive and widely used in psychophysiology as an indicator of emotional arousal. This measurement has been recorded during a sensitive measure of emotion-related sympathetic activity caused by presentation of a novel unexpected stimulus. A significant part of this research involves the implementation of MATLAB software that facilitates data acquisition and analysis. I have superimposed the EDA and HR data series and the list of events, thus, I have performed event-related analysis to examine whether particular stages of the experiment had emotional consequences. This thesis project has been implemented by using facilities available in the laboratory of Biomedical Engineering Faculty in Boğaziçi University. Each subject was presented a series of affective and non-affective pictures during the measurements of electro-dermal activity and heart rate. Subjects were told to think about the presented pictures that were shown for six seconds. Another method, as a complementary to EDA and HR techniques, has been self-assessment manikins (SAM) that has been well-known to be subjective and less accurate than physiological methods. Two methods have shown that emotional arousal and valence can be observed empirically but there are certain limitations in determining the type of affection experienced by the subject. The results of this study demonstrates that these tools can be used as a reliable one in psychophysics research as well as could possibly be used in experimental economics or experimental ethics research. In other words, affective picture demonstration influences the electro-dermal activity as well as heart rate of the subjects that give clue about the emotional arousal and valence of the participants but it is not possible to characterize and categorize the emotion experienced depending on the obtained physiological data.
Effects of scaling shoulder width in virtual reality on reachability and pass-through-ability affordances
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2021., 2021.) Andaç, Safa.; Ayhan, İnci.; Uğur, Emre.
Perceiving affordances, the action-possibilities of a system in an environment, is a survival key for the system (Gibson, 1966). Changing invariants for the system shapes its affordance perception (Warren & Whang, 1987). Pass-through-ability of an aperture, as a perceived affordance, is determined by the fit between the apparent aspects of the environment (e.g., perceived gap) and the perceived body scale. Changing body perception in real life depends on using tools such as a wheelchair or a long stick (Higuchi, Cinelli, Greig, & Patla, 2006; Higuchi, Cinelli, & Patla, 2009). Here, in order to understand the effects of body scaling on the affordance of pass through-ability and reachability, we conducted a virtual reality and a simulation study. Participants were assigned to different virtual shoulder widths scaled to their real size (narrow, normal and wide). In the experiment, they were asked to walk naturally to pass through an aperture without colliding and reach a target on a table. The success rate of passing through an aperture and the speed were similar in all conditions, which implied that participants adapted their virtual bodies. We also showed that participants were closer to the target when assigned narrow compared to a normal-size shoulder, suggesting that participants thought their body became smaller, so they moved closer to the target. In order to control the adaptation for conditions, we also conducted a perceptual judgement experiment. Also reflected in the perceptual judgements, participants with narrow virtual shoulders thought that they had smaller shoulder width, an effect not observed in the wide shoulder condition, which together demonstrate an asymmetry in the effects of body scaling.
Effects of working memory and language proficiency on second language predictive inference generation :|an eye-movement study
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2019., 2019.) Sivridağ, Fatih.; Erçetin, Naciye Gülcan.; Dinçtopal, Nazik.
In this study, the effects of language proficiency and working memory capacity on predictive inference generation during reading in a second language (L2) were investigated by analysing L2 readers’ early and late eye-movements while they were reading predictive or neutral passages. The results suggested that while L2 readers can make predictive inferences on-line during reading regardless of their proficiency level or working memory (WM) capacity, these two factors and their interaction determine the time course of inference generation through different mechanisms. While WM capacity facilitates referent-antecedent resolution and readers with higher WM capacity can benefit para-foveal processing more, proficiency increases reading speed and makes lower level processes less resource consuming. As a result, high WM readers showed facilitation effects of prediction even before they encounter the to-be-predicted word, especially when the pre-target required referent-antecedent association. On the other hand, while high language proficiency readers can show the effect of prediction during early processing of the target word, low proficiency readers can show facilitation during late processing of pre-target word. During the late-processing of pre-target word, WM and language proficiency will have an interaction effect due to differences in mechanisms through which they contribute to predictive inference generation. Although all groups of readers showed facilitation effects relatively early, the greatest facilitation emerged during late processing of the sentence final word, where sentence wrap-up processes take place. This is in line with L1 studies and its implications for L2 reading were discussed.
Experience and insight under time pressure :|a study with race game
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2022., 2022.) Yalınkılınç, Duygu.; Ayhan, İnci.; Giritligil Kara, Ayça E.
In this paper, we experimentally study the effects of time constraints on learning efficient planning when subjects need to make sequential decisions. The subject is explored by utilizing a game theoretical tool called Race Game. In the context of race game efficient planning is achieved through backward induction which is considered to be a criteria that constitutes the ultimate rationality. Earlier studies demonstrated deviations from prescriptions of backward induction methodology, however more recent work demonstrated that subjects’ convergence to backward induction reasoning. Based on those studies, we examine whether and how time constraints affect learning backward induction methodology. We explore these questions by investigating subjects’ errors and response times in three different experimental time constraint conditions. The results indicate that time constraints, indeed, lead subjects to commit to more errors. Surprisingly, however, the solution process of subjects demonstrate a backwards order, resembling a convergence to using backward induction algorithm. The implications of this study may be beneficial for understanding how individuals learn effective planning and how deadlines should be set, for instance in the context of education and management.
Fake sex: diploidy, dominance, coupling, attraction
(Thesis (M.A.)-Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences, 2006., 2006.) Bowers, Robert Ian.; Voss, Stephen,; Yolum, Pınar.
What can be understood of a species when we know of it only that it is sexual? Two seemingly innocuous aspects of sex are considered. In Chapter Two, the matter is diploidy and allele dominance; in Chapter Three, it is the need to couple. The effects of each of these, upon the evolution of a species, is investigated by simulating them in an arbitrary sexual species within the JAWAS agent-oriented simulation framework. The aim is to make predictions for the behaviour of organisms that evolve under these circumstances: with a diploid genome, preserving dominance relations, and under the sway of the social dilemma imposed by the need to couple. Diploidy fulfils its promise of preserving variability, whereas haploidy quickly commits its possessors to the current niche. Allele dominance too preserves variability, and without sacrificing adaptivity. These results echo consistent findings in classical population genetics. The expectation of a sex-based division of labour in coupling efforts leads to the identification of several conditions under which such asymmetries are likely to emerge. In particular, sexual selection upon variable attractants, and the presence of mood-dependent attractants are implicated as ingraining sexspecificityin attraction and sexual motivation in predictable ways. Implementations of these aspects of sex markedly affect how agents evolve. Apart from making predictions about natural sexual systems, these results lead to concerns of efficacy, and so make recommendations for how an artificial system that relies on evolution could benefit from implementing sex.
Frequency effects in the processing of morphologically complex Turkish words
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2016., 2016.) Bilgin, Orhan.; Nakipoğlu, Mine.; Özgür, Arzucan.
This is an empirical study that examines how morphologically simple and complex words in Turkish are represented in the brains of native speakers. Two experiments are reported that use various “frequency of occurrence” metrics as independent variables. The secondary findings of the study are that (a) frequency is an extremely complex concept, especially in the case of an agglutinating language like Turkish; (b) different frequency measures are highly correlated; (c) frequency distributions are uneven at several levels; (d) the overwhelming majority of grammatically possible forms are never used even in a large corpus; (e) in an agglutinating language like Turkish, morphology has a deep impact even at sub-lexical levels such as the distribution of letter-ngrams; (f) conducting psycholinguistics experiments online rather than in a laboratory environment is a feasible option; (g) letter shape does not have an effect on word recognition accuracy; (h) morphologically complex Turkish words are processed two times more slowly than simple words, suggesting that suffix sequences add a significant workload to the recognition process. The three main findings of the experiments, on the other hand, are that (a) more frequent simple words are processed faster than less frequent simple words, thus replicating a well-established finding in a typologically different language; (b) complex words are probably processed from left to right, and, most importantly, (c) the human brain can use suffix sequences to recognize complex words, thus suggesting that there exist mental representations for frequently occurring suffix sequences, probably in addition to mental representations for individual suffixes.

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