Sürdürülebilir Turizm Yönetimi

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The role of NGOs in sustainable tourism in Turkey
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2015., 2015.) Gökçetin, Ayşenur.; İnelmen, Kıvanç V. Ö.,
Given the worldwide importance of NGOs, which are regarded in recent years as the primary advocates and practitioners of sustainable tourism, this research seeks to determine the degree and nature of contribution by selected NGOs in Turkey for establishing and promoting sustainable tourism activities and to inquire their transformative power in terms of sustainable tourism. Activities of NGOs in developed and developing countries might present different patterns and analyzing the case of NGOs in Turkey, which is an emerging economy, might imply a new perspective. With a preliminary NGO database search, relevant NGOs that are involved with sustainable tourism were identified and selected based on four criteria. After a content analysis of NGOs’ websites with regard to their sustainable tourism activities, a semi structured interview was directed to NGO respondents. Afterwards, interviews were coded and results were analyzed in a qualitative manner. It is found that there are differences among directly and indirectly tourism affiliated NGOs in their involvement with sustainable tourism and their transformative power for sustainability and that sustainable tourism has not been established or developed well in Turkey to this day. In a nutshell, it is identified in this thesis that most pressing tourism issues in Turkey are the lack of effective management, environmental destruction and lack of clear tourism planning. Main roles of NGOs to address these issues are found to be raising awareness, conservation of cultural and natural assets as well as involvement in tourism planning.
Sustainability in cultural tourism destinations from the perspective of tourists
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2016., 2016.) Aydın, Begüm.; Alavrez, Maria Dolores.
Sustainability is turning into a major idea for tourism destinations and the literature has recognized the significance of sustainable development for any tourism destination. Since marketing is an important driver of sustainability practices, it is vital for the destinations that are trying to become more sustainable to be able to market these attributes to their target markets. Although tourists are recognized as an important stakeholder for sustainable tourism, their attitudes toward sustainability in tourism destinations and the importance that they give to certain sustainability attributes as opposed to others are under-researched topics in the literature. Therefore, this study aims to investigate Turkish tourists’ perceptions of the importance of sustainability attributes in tourism destinations and to determine the tourists’ willingness to pay for these aspects. Socio-cultural, economic and environmental dimensions of sustainability are considered, as the study provides a comprehensive model of sustainability attributes of destinations from the perspective of tourists. The investigation combines qualitative procedures, intended to acquire insights into the topic, and quantitative methodology, aimed at obtaining the views of Turkish cultural tourists. A scale is created to measure the importance given to sustainability attributes. Findings indicate that tourists give most importance to cultural and environmental protection and they are more willing to spend more for the environmental attributes. According to the results obtained, recommendations for the communication of sustainability attributes of tourism destinations are provided.
A socio-cultural perspective on Yoga tourism
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2017., 2017.) Öznalbant, Ecem.; Alvarez, Maria Dolores.
Yoga has become an increasingly widespread activity, also becoming popular as a form of tourism. Many Westerners travel to the roots of yoga, to destinations in India where yoga originated in ancient times. In addition, yoga trips to other places around the world are joined by yoga practitioners. This is also the case in Turkey where yoga has become a well-known activity. Several kinds of yoga trips are arranged to mountains, valleys and forests around Turkey, or to destinations abroad. Despite the growing popularity of yoga tourism, there is a dearth of studies on this topic. Little is known about what motivates tourists to travel to a particular destination to practice yoga, and about the impacts that this activity may cause in receiving destinations. Therefore the purpose of this investigation is to bring light on yoga tourism practices. The focus is on the point of view of the yoga tourists, as the research aims to understand the motivations and expectations of these individuals and their perceptions concerning socio-cultural aspects of yoga tourism. The findings show that there are three types of yoga trips: (1) yoga focused, (2) cultural tourism focused, and (3) wellness focused. These trips show different emphases and varied experiences, including the way in which the participants interact with others and in particular with the local community. The research also identifies some issues related to the concern of the yoga tourists for socio-cultural aspects such as authenticity, especially in root of yoga destinations.
Managing human factors for change towards organizational sustainability in tourism organizations
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2018., 2018.) Ulus, Mehmet.; Hatipoğlu, Burçin.
Companies develop various management strategies while they go through a process of change for sustainability. When aiming to reach higher levels of organizational sustainability, both technical aspects of sustainability implementation and human-related aspects of change needs to be taken into consideration for an effective change initiative. The human dimension of change for sustainability receives relatively less interest in the literature. However, human factors can have important effects on the change initiative either by creating barriers, if not managed carefully, or by facilitating the process when approached in an effective manner. Concerning three human factors: resistance towards change, internal communication and engagement for sustainability practices; this qualitative research aims to explore how these human factors are managed by tourism companies in the context of Turkey. Semi-structured interviews with sustainability managers of case companies and organizational documents such as sustainability reports were used in data collection process. The findings state that case companies have various motivations for integrating sustainability into their operations. With regards to managing human factors, companies adopt various strategies and use communication and education against individual barriers to create engagement to sustainability.
Social tourism as a tool for creating an inclusive society :|examining Turkey’s alternative camp
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2019., 2019.) Akdemir, Hilal.; Öztürk, Duygu Salman.
Social tourism is a well-known type of tourism practiced commonly in Europe because of its benefits. Academic studies on social tourism in Europe are also widespread. However, in Turkey, social tourism practices, and academic studies on social tourism are few. This current research and its conceptual framework are motivated by an awareness of the positive impact of social tourism on the inclusion of disadvantaged groups in society. The aim of the research is to explore the potential of social tourism for creating an inclusive tourism form through investigating a non-governmental social tourism organization and its management model. Therefore, the Alternative Camp in Turkey, which is a social tourism practice developed by a social entrepreneur, was examined as a case study with ethnographic research methods. Data was gathered by semi-structured face-to-face interviews and participant observation methods over a year. In addition to the primary data, secondary data was collected in the form of organizational and other types of documents. The findings of the study bring a new perspective to social tourism in Turkey. According to research findings, a new definition of social tourism proposed. Finally, the research develops a social tourism management model. The model proposes that social tourism should be governed by considering three components: (1) sustainable financial support, (2) a strong volunteer structure, (3) an aspirational goal.
Sustainable tourism from the perspective of local residents :|the case of Büyükada
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2019., 2019.) Görek, Burcu.; İnelmen, Kıvanç V. Ö.,; Akan, Perran.
This paper aims to understand Büyükada residents' approaches and ideas dealing with sustainable tourism on the island. Residents have been divided into three categories: Residents who work in tourism related jobs, residents who work in jobs unrelated to tourism or have been retired and lastly, the authorities. In order to understand their attitudes towards economic, socio-cultural and environmental dimensions of sustainable tourism, a qualitative study has been conducted by employing face-to-face interview method. A total of 23 residents who have been living on the island for at least three years were interviewed. These interviews were analyzed by using content analysis and the results were evaluated by considering the following variables: demographic characteristics, attitudes, values, beliefs, government plans and actions. Considering the results of this study, it can be said that different variables carry different approaches towards sustainability, residents who work in tourism related jobs mostly have concerns about economic sustainability, residents who work in jobs unrelated to tourism or have been retired mostly care about environmental and socio-cultural sustainability and authorities, while having an idea of sustainability like all other residents, lack a definitive approach, therefore are mostly ineffective. Meanwhile, those residents with a higher level of education, who are relatively more affluent and concerned about the future of the Island, have council to tackle the problems and made some successful attempts towards a more sustainable approach.
Turkey’s tourism social entrepreneurship ecosystem:|An assessment of the potential for hybrid value creation
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2019., 2019.) Farhoodi, Marveh.; Ertuna, Bengi.
Turkey’s Tourism Social Entrepreneurship Ecosystem: An Assessment of the Potential for Hybrid Value Creation Tourism offers a potential to create positive social impacts toward reaching the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and thus aligns well with the purpose of Social Entrepreneurship (SE). Yet, in Turkey, tourism SE fails in fulfilling its potential for contributing to SDGs. When aiming to reach SDGs, the ability of the SE practice to sustain itself becomes critical for long-term value creation for its stakeholders. Reaching this self-sustaining state requires an enabling context which provides for the needs of tourism SEs in order to become impact-focused enterprises. Conditions which enable value creation and self-sustainability of tourism social enterprises (TSEs) have not been thoroughly addressed in the literature, particularly in terms of their connections to social impact ecosystems. By focusing on hybrid value creation, this qualitative research explores the impediments faced by TSEs in Turkey to become self-sustainable impact-generating organizations. A preliminary analysis was conducted to identify the emerging themes and research gaps, and thus, the research focus. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with TSEs and intermediary organizations in the ecosystem. The findings showed that sustainable hybrid-value creation in tourism SE is affected by an intertwined set of factors acting in several layers and levels (i.e., the SE in tourism, the TSE; the social impact ecosystem; the tourism industry, and the overarching context). Based on the hybrid value creation characteristics of tourism SEs; their impact generation and growth patterns, areas of support failure in the ecosystem are identified, and elements of alternative support models are suggested.
The effects of tourism on the subjective well-being of the residents of Cappadocia
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2019., 2019.) Ata, Selenay.; Ertuna, Bengi.
World Heritage Sites represent an important attraction for prospective visitors to a destination. Although tourism significantly contributes to both national and local economies, it is of paramount importance to residents of destinations, whose lives are influenced by the prevalence of tourism activity to a great extent. Guided by previous research focusing on tourism’s effect on resident well-being, this study aims to investigate the relationship between subjective well-being of the residents and their perceptions of tourism and conservation in Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia. This descriptive research uses a quantitative approach, in which a survey instrument consisting of a happiness index and questions on tourism and conservation measures was administered to 178 residents in Cappadocia using a convenience sampling approach. Study findings demonstrate that positive perceptions of tourism and conservation reinforce community well-being in Cappadocia. These results’ implications for future research and policy-makers are discussed.
Tourism, conservation, and subjective well-being in world heritage sites :|the historic areas of Istanbul
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2020., 2020.) Kuzuoğlu, Sina.; Ertuna, Bengi.
This research focuses on the interrelations between subjective well-being, tourism activity and conservation efforts for residents living in Fatih, housing Istanbul’s World Heritage properties. Using a modified version of Happiness Index to capture perceptions of tourism and conservation, this research utilizes a household survey with 477 residents of Fatih district of Istanbul chosen via a stratified simple random sampling. Fatih’s neighborhoods in which data collection took place are categorized with respect their tourism focus, creating a spatial tourism variable. The differences according to demographic and spatial characteristics are determined on an item basis. Subsequently, using life satisfaction as a proxy dependent variable, the relationship between life satisfaction, well-being, and perceptions of tourism is investigated using binary logit regressions with respect to neighborhoods’ tourism focus. Findings reaffirm previous scholarship on subjective well-being in Turkey. Furthermore, they indicate that, in Fatih, residents in tourism-focused neighborhoods have more positive perceptions of tourism which also resonates in the likelihood of their life satisfaction. In line with these findings, distinguishing residents of World Heritage Sites in urban settings, and its ramifications for future well-being research in tourism-focused regions are discussed. The findings indicate that spatial distribution of tourism to influence patterns of subjective well-being in urban tourism destinations. In this context, social policy measures that would increase residents’ awareness in terms of cultural heritage and tourism are suggested.
Benefits of networking for small hospitality businesses :|the case of Istanbul’s Sultanahmet area
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2020., 2020.) Çivi, Mehtap.; Ertuna, Bengi.
Considering its contribution to economy through tourism revenues and employment, tourism is among the important industries in Turkey. However, the industry has faced serious problems in recent years due to the political and economic fluctuations in the country. During this period, a large number of small and medium sized hotels (SMHEs) have faced difficulties in sustaining their operations due to this fluctuations and, unfortunately, some had to cease their operations. Considering all these difficulties faced by small hotels, this study is undertaken to understand how they deal with these problems and use networking in running their operations and the perceived benefits of their networking activities. Thus, networking structure of these small hotels; frequency and purpose of their formal and informal networks and the benefits, if any, of networking activity are investigated in this study. Istanbul Sultanahmet area is selected as the context of the empirical study. Data is collected during the period April 27, 2019 - July 17 2019 using a questionnaire administered to owner/managers of 71 small hotels and four in-depth interviews with four owner/managers. Results indicate that although hotel owner/managers state the difficulties that they face in reaching resources, such as human resources and guests; the formal and informal networks that they utilize for gaining access to the resources remain insufficient in solving their problems. Rather than formal and informal networks of owner/managers, the results suggest the need for establishing specificpurpose networking platforms that involve relevant stakeholders.
A social impact assessment of cultural trails :|the case of Hoyran/Kapaklı in the Lycian way
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2021., 2021.) Sürmeli, Pelin.; Alvarez, Maria Dolores.
A cultural trail refers to an interactive, human intercultural network based on cultural properties, which has a specific dynamic and historical functionality. Cultural trails are complex entities in which the visitor has a direct and intense interaction with local people. This may cause a direct impact to the local economy, the environment and the socio-cultural fabric of the community. In this research, a community-based tourism initiative project, ‘A Historical Break on the Lycian Way’, is examined. This project is a collaborative undertaking of the United Nations Development Fund and the Anadolu Efes company, aimed at creating a rural tourism destination in two villages on the Lycian Way, Hoyran and Kapaklı. Data were collected from the project application documents and through in-depth interviews in August 2019 to the local people and other project stakeholders, selected using judgmental and convenience sampling methodology. This descriptive research combines Theory of Change, ethnographic summary and content analysis methodologies to investigate the social impacts of the project in terms of socio-cultural, environmental and economic changes that affect the local community of Hoyran and Kapaklı as a result of the introduction of tourism through the intervention. The research illustrates the changes to these communities that may be achieved via tourism projects in cultural trails and proposes a list of general and trail-specific indicators that are derived through the analysis of the data.
Sustainable tourism development via agritourism :|the case of Gökçeada
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences, 2022., 2022.) Tekin, Ayşegül.; Alvarez, Maria Dolores.
Since the late twentieth century, there is a growing interest of various stakeholders worldwide, from policymakers to practitioners and tourists, in agritourism. However, limited research has been done to identify critical success factors for sustainable agritourism development, especially in the context of developing countries. Therefore, this research provides guiding information concerning the development of an agritourism destination within the principles of sustainability. It analyzes the specific example of Gökçeada as an incipient agritourism destination and thus highlights what factors are available and what factors are missing for the development of an agritourism destination in the island. A conceptual model that summarizes all of these factors is also proposed. Data collection is made through semi-structured in- depth interviews carried out with local authorities, organic farmers, agritourism providers and candidates of agritourism activities, selected via judgmental and snowball sampling techniques The research findings reveal the importance of a legal framework to develop sustainable agritourism destinations. This research also highlights the need for a definition of what is a working farm. Practical implications for policymakers and agritourism providers are also made.
Belarus as a sustainable medical tourist destination
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2022., 2022.) Camlioglu, Vera.; Alavrez, Maria Dolores.
In recent decades, there has been a rapid growth in the medical tourism market in a number of countries. In this regard, the importance of studying the experience of the development of this phenomenon in various contexts increases. This research aims to investigate the medical tourism system in Belarus, a country where this industry is developing in the context of a universal healthcare system with a dominant public sector that accounts for a large part of medical tourists. Covering the experience of a destination with such a particular context contributes to the literature that has previously looked primarily at countries where in contrast the private sector plays an important role in providing medical services to tourists. This research presents the supply stakeholders’ vision of the current situation in the field of medical tourism in Belarus and highlights some features and differences adherent to the system and development scenario. The study is carried out within a sustainability perspective and showcases the areas of medical tourism in Belarus that meet or contradict the principles of sustainable development. The data was collected through in-depth semi structured interviews with main supply-side stakeholders of medical tourism in Belarus that were selected by using judgmental and snowball sampling methods. Descriptive qualitative approaches such as thematic analysis and content analysis were applied for the examination of the interview data. Several unique aspects in the development and structure of medical tourism in Belarus are highlighted, leading to theoretical and practical implications.

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