Tarih

Permanent URI for this community

https://digitalarchive.library.bogazici.edu.tr/handle/123456789/11641

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 254

A critical perspective on scientific and technological input in late Ottoman cotton cultivation, 1840–1876
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences, 2022., 2022.) Akın, Utku Can.; Eldem, Edhem,
This thesis examines the role of scientific and technological input as a transformative and driving force in Ottoman cotton cultivation between 1840 and 1876. These two entities, with their controversial coexistence, make an alternative view in historiography demandable. The new cotton production methods and techniques, emerged in parallel with the perception of science that started to be institutionalised in the nineteenth century, shaped cotton cultivation and production patterns with a sense of association rather than a societal understanding. These associations exhibit a dynamic nature rather than the static structures often encountered in different social science theories, rendering all human-centred approaches that accept the agent as exclusively human and based on the world-human duality ineffective. Focusing on the dynamic partnerships of local and foreign actors/objects that were established, disintegrated, reunited, and transformed, this thesis explores the structures that remoulded the Ottoman cotton production process in “non-radical chaotic systems” created by non-human agents through the combination of scientific and technological input engendered by various partnerships, not based on a single intermediary, supplydemand, and a state-centred approach. Thus, especially during the years of the American Civil War, the agents directing cotton production in the Ottoman Empire and the networks of these agents become visible. The thesis proposes to evaluate these non-/human agents under three categories: sensory, entrepreneurial, and transmitter actors. These actors’ fluid decisions, behaviours, and actions have shaped and transformed the cotton production process in the late Ottoman era.
A critical review of marxist historiography on transitions: antiquity, feudalism, capitalism
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2015., 2015.) Işıl, Ezgi Burcu.; Terzibaşoğlu, Yücel.
The main objective of the present thesis is to locate the question of historical transformation, in the form of a transition from one mode of production into another, in a framework comprised of the notions of structural contradiction and crisis, transformation of quantity into quality and reading history backwards. To this end, this study focuses on the historical problems of the transition to capitalism and to feudalism, respectively, from a comparative perspective with the hope that the similarities and the differences between the mechanisms of change behind each historical transition may offer some insight into the problematique at hand. The analysis is based on critical reading and detailed discussion of the secondary sources, and predominantly Marxist and Marxian literature, on these historical transitions. Accordingly, a discussion of the Marxist/Marxian historiography on the question of transition in relation to the broader context of the political and ideological environments constitutes the second layer of analysis. In addition to the main historical focus, some contemporary extensions as well as political implications of these debates are also discussed. This thesis, therefore, aims to point out some new perspectives from which it is possible to approach the problem.
A critical study of Birgivi Mehmed Efendi’s (d.981/1573) works and their dissemination in manuscript form
(Thesis (M.A.)-Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences, 2010., 2010.) Kaylı, Ahmet.; Terzioğlu, Derin.
This study examines how one of the most influential and controversial Ottoman scholars of all time, Birgivi Mehmed Efendi (929-981 / 1523-1573), was perceived and received by other Ottoman readers and writers in the centuries following his death. This it accomplishes through a critical analysis of his bibliography on the one hand, and through a study of the historical dissemination of his works on the other. By critically handling the over one-hundred texts that had been attributed to Birgivi, the study identifies many misattributions to him and illustrates that some of these false attributions were directly instrumental in turning Birgivi into an anti-Sufi scholar with an uncompromising selefî persuasion, an image that is still well and alive, if also increasingly questioned, in the present time. The thesis also scrutinizes the inventory of Birgivi’s own works in order to establish as accurately as possible the relative significance of each work and the role that each might have played in the formation of the image of the author as well as in the determination of his reception. Finally, by exploring the dissemination of manuscript copies of these works based on the manuscript libraries in Istanbul, the study first proposes a historical map of Birgivi’s works in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and then tries to understand and explain the dissemination in the historical context and in relation to the developments of the period.
A decollette journal for the Ottoman Turkish women: "Süs" (16 June 1339 (1923)- 26 July 1340 (1924)
(Thesis (M.A.)-Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2007., 2007.) Çon, Esra.; Karakışla, Yavuz Selim,
The publication of women-oriented class journals, which was initiated within the last period of the Ottoman Empire and accelerated during the Second Constitutional Period, was pursued in the first years of the Turkish Republic as well. Women’s journals published within this period can be reckoned as the descendants of those published in the Ottoman Period. The features of these women’s journals published within the early republican period e.g. the content, the style, and the topics discussed as well as the editorial staff, reinforce the said argument. Süs is a women’s journal published precisely during this process of transition (1923-1924). Covering both literary knowledge and useful practical information in an intellectual and entertaining content, Süs can be considered as rich within this respect. On the other hand, the diversity of the content and the object to keep an equal distance between all of these different elements brings forth the idea that the journal was published in accordance with commercial motives rather than an intellectual mission. Because the more diversified the content is the more different reader’s mass it will address to. Furthermore, the actual target mass of the journal is observed to be the educated young girls. Considering the fact that, the majority of the editorial staff was experienced literary people and the people who were previously engaged in publication of various magazines, Süs can be evaluated respectively successful in terms of anticipating the overall tendency of the target mass and preparing a relevant content that appeals to them. One of the most significant objectives of this thesis is to obtain an opinion about the agenda, interests and intellectual worlds of the target mass of Süs, which was skillfully issued with commercial motives, namely the educated young girls who used to live in İstanbul or other big cities between 1923 and 1924. Moreover, this study is aimed to discuss the women’s issues and the remarkable women’s movements of the related period through the perspective of an Ottoman women’s journal.
A glimpse into the first racist approach in the Ottoman Empire: the "scientific" racisim of Abdullah Cevdet
(Thesis (M.A.)-Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences, 2007., 2007.) Alpay, Yalın.; Ersoy, Ahmet.
Racism was one of the most significant ideologies of the nineteenth century. Whole Europe was under the influence of racism all during the nineteenth century and this influence was at its peak in the World War II. Biological differences were carried to the social and political life and they directly affected the decision making processes. Contrary to Europe, racism didn’t flourish in the Ottoman Empire. Nevertheless, racist views were proposed at the Ottoman Empire as well. These views, proposed by Abdullah Cevdet didn’t find any supporters at the Ottoman Empire. However, these radical views were unexpectedly put up on the agenda in 1930s’ Turkey and with Abdullah Cevdet and Ziya Gökalp they became one of the main references of Kemalist history writing. This study proposes that a main feature of Kemalist history writing was based on not only Ziya Gökalp, but also it was nourished from racist views of Abdullah Cevdet. In this context, this thesis investigates Abdullah Cevdet’s racism.
A historical analysis of Melami-Bayrami hagiographies
(Thesis (M.A.)-Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences, 2009., 2009.) Erken, Ali.; Terzioğlu, Derin.
This study analyzes three Melâmî-Bayrâmî menâkıbnâmes (hagiographies) written between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: Sarı Abdullah’s Semerâtü’l-Fuâd (c.1613), Lalizâde Abdülbâki’s Sergüzeşt (c.1740) and Müstakimzâde’s Menâkıbnâme-i Bayramiyye (c. 1750). The seventeenth century was a transformative period for the order in two senses. First, responding to the persecutions of the sixteenth century, Melâmî-Bayrâmî sheikhs increasingly preferred to hide their Melâmî-Bayrâmî affiliation and took refuge in other orders. Second, despite their earlier troubles and their newly increased secrecy, the order was able to spread into new social milieus and gain adherents among the ruling elites in İstanbul and the Balkan cities. This study argues that the dual transformation of the Melâmî-Bayrâmî order in this period marked its influence also on these hagiographies. Despite some differences between the contexts of the three texts, all three were written by the members of the Ottoman learned elite with ties to the ruling establishment, and all three represented an effort to project a considerably sanitized image of the Melâmî-Bayrâmîs. This thesis explores this sanitized image by looking specifically at how the three texts represent Melâmî-Bayrâmî sainthood, the relationship between Melâmî-Bayrâmîs and the other sufi orders and the persecution of Melâmî-Bayrâmîs in the preceding decades.
A medieval Islamic cosmography in an Ottoman context: a study of Mahmud el-Hatib's translation of the Kharidat al-‘Aja’ib
(Thesis (M.A.)-Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences, 2007., 2007.) Coşkun, Feray.; Terzioğlu, Derin.
This study examines the significance of Islamic cosmography in Ottoman geographical literature and its role in the formation of the pre-modern Ottoman worldview in the light of the Ottoman translation of the fifteenth century Arabic cosmography Kharidat al-‘Aja’ib wa Faridat al-Ghara’ib, made by Mahmud el- Hatib in 1563 to be presented to Bosnian governor skenderpasazade Osman Sah. As one of the most prominent examples of the Islamic cosmography tradition, in which the Qur’an, isra’iliyyat, the Aristotelian-Ptolemic model had integral roles, Kharidat al-‘aja’ib wa Faridat al-Gara’ib aims to provide a view of a cosmos filled with wondrous and strange entities displaying the omnipotence of God. It was widely read and copied in the Ottoman world and translated into Turkish more than once. Among these translations, the one made by the sixteenth century Ottoman preacher, Mahmud el-Hatib, is the most copied, reaching down to the present day with more than thirty copies. This study delves into Mahmud el-Hatib's translation and analyses its correspondence with Islamic cosmology and Ottoman geographical literature claiming that such cosmographies that are neglected in modern literature due to their inclusion of fantastic and irrational elements, are important for understanding the Ottoman worldview in the pre-modern era.
A mode of space production in the nineteenth century :|İcadiye neighborhood as a case of ifraz
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2021., 2021.) Arıkan, Burcu.; Ersoy, Ahmet.; Cora, Yaşar Tolga.
This thesis deals with a specific method of space production which is called ifraz. Ifraz means dividing a larger piece of land into smaller, and this method may be implemented in various ways depending on the context. This study will focus on parceling empty suburban areas to commodify nature and sell and transform agricultural forests, gardens, and yards into built areas. I will briefly demonstrate the literature on urban history, land, property, and infrastructure to base my findings on ifraz and urbanization. Through a more extensive set of the archival scan, ifraz, in general, will be demonstrated as an intensified type of space production in the nineteenth century, accelerating significantly with the Tanzimat Edict. Then, a detailed analysis of Icadiye Neighborhood as the case study will present a specific model of urbanization via the commodification of empty suburban landscapes. Icadiye is also important in terms of being an Armenian neighborhood. Both demonstrate specific features of nineteenth-century urbanization and the continuum of an urban sprawl dating back to the seventeenth century; Icadiye will contribute to the discussions on center/ periphery, urban/ suburban distinctions. In the general context, I will expand Islamic city conception and approaches detached from the dynamics of capitalism in urban historiography to raise new questions, and ifraz in a broader sense, has great potentials for further studies.
A new perception of Rome, Byzantium and Constantinople in Hezarfen Huseyin’s universal history
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences, 2011., 2011.) Bekar, Cumhur.; Terzioğlu, Derin.
In this thesis I shall specifically examine the parts in Hezarfen Hüseyin’s universal history, about Rome and Byzantium. Hezarfen Hüseyin (d.1691) was one of the prominent new intellectuals of the seventeenth century. He ventured to write his universal history and prepared many works ranging from medicine books to dictionaries and encyclopedias. While investigating what kind of a perspective Hezarfen offered for world history in his universal history, dedicated to Mehmet IV, and what kind of a historical heritage he drew upon, we can also grasp the intellectual world of his circle. Thus knowing the way an Ottoman intellectual with a wide range of interests conceived world history in this age of crisis and transformation will help us to understand the fundamental dynamics of Ottoman intellectual life in the second half of the seventeenth century. My primary aim will be to show why Hezarfen followed a different way from previous traditions and narratives when constructing his narrative. Secondly, I shall examine the cultural environment in which Hezarfen lived as well as the intellectual trends of that period. This will help us understand the factors that affected Hezarfen’s narration. In this way we shall see what kind of factors influenced an Ottoman intellectual writing the history of a different culture and world.
A re-evaluation of the Late Bronze to Early Iron Age transitional period: stratigraphic sequence and plain ware of Tarsus-Gözlükule
(Thesis (M.A.)-Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences, 2005., 2005.) Yalçın, Serdar.; Özyar, Aslı.
The transition from the Late Bronze Age to the Iron Age is a period of socioeconomic and political turbulence in the eastern Mediterranean. Tarsus-Gözlükule isone of the prehistoric sites on the Cilician plain providing a continuous stratigraphy of this transitional period. In this study the stratigraphic sequence and the development ofplain ware of this transitional period at Tarsus-Gözlükule has been investigated. The re-evaluation of the stratigraphical sequence revealed that there are eight successive architectural layers in the transition from Late Bronze Age to the Iron Age. The analysis of the architectural remains of these layers indicated a remarkable declinein the economic conditions of the site following the destruction of the Hittite town(LBIIa). HMW of LB IIa and IIb has a broad variety of forms previously unrecognized. Also in the light of new archaeological context, present study substantiated the view of G. M. A. Hanfmann in his 1963 publication pointing out the continuation of Hittite Monochrome Ware in the Early Iron Age plain ware. In this period the plain wareassemblage of Tarsus-Gözlükule is dominated by shapes, which are derived from the preceding Hittite monochrome shapes. This continuity is visible particularly in jars andbowls. This ceramic evidence seems to indicate that the Early Iron Age population ofTarsus-Gözlükule continued, to a large extent, the cultural heritage of the Late Bronze II period in spite of the break and decline in terms of architecture.
A study in commercial life and practices in Istanbul at the turn of the century :|the textile market
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences, 1993., 1993.) Tanatar-Baruh, Lorans.; Eldem, Edhem,
This sectorial based market study, analyzes the commercial life in Istanbul at the turn of our century. In other words, the thesis concentrates on merchants and workers dealing with international trade, market mechanisms, analysis of textile goods and consumption behavior. This micro analysis which retraced the socioeconomic life of Istanbul, is aiming to equip us better in order to situate the city in the international trade of the Empire.
A study of Azadamard :|socialism and the Armenian Revolutionary Federation's understanding of Socialist Ottomanism
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences, 2022., 2022.) Yalçın, Orhun.; Cora, Yaşar Tolga.
This thesis examines the policies of the ARF through the articles published by the Azadamard newspaper, the publishing organ of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, between March 1911 and September 1912. I argue that the Armenian Revolutionary Federation had a policy that could be called Socialist Ottomanism after the 1908 Constitutional Revolution. The ARF’s understanding of socialism is quite interesting because, before the 1908 Constitutional Revolution, it had a revolutionary armed struggle view with the influence of the Russian Narodniks, which was intertwined with nationalist ideas, but after the 1908 Constitutional Revolution, it adopted a policy closer to the European reformist socialists, and the policy of ‘Ottomanization’ replaced the influence of Armenian nationalism. Therefore, it will first examine the socialist movements in the Ottoman Empire and the policies of the ARF before the 1908 Constitutional Revolution. And then, through the articles in the Azadamard newspaper, the ARF’s views on the government, the function of the parliament, the follow-up of the promises before the revolution, on the Kurds and their land reform demands within the framework of the Socialist Ottomanism will be evaluated.|Keywords : the Armenian Revolutionary Party, socialism, Azadamard, Socialist Ottomanism, the Ottoman Empire, 1908 Constitutional Revolution
A study on the gift log, MAD 1279: making sense of gift-giving in the eighteenth century Ottoman society
(Thesis (M.A.)-Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2007., 2007.) Mustak, Aykut.; Eldem, Edhem,
The study of gifts, a classical theme of research in economic anthropology, involve, in broad lines, a study of the respective constitution of objects and subjects in exchange. Through gift-giving, the officialization of social relations, the reproduction of status boundaries and social cohesion, and the negotiation of social values is achieved. As such, the communicative, reproductive, and constitutive aspects of gift-giving plays on the relations of power endemic into society. In order to test the received opinions on gift-giving, a research on the gift logs, and various other archival material that keep the records of gift-giving, is undertaken in a period, in our case designated as eighteenth century Ottoman society. In addition to the general comments on the archival material, a particular gift log is chosen for the tabulation of the features of objects, subjects and the geographical locations, over time. In conclusion, I suggest that gift-giving in eighteenth century Ottoman society could be regarded, specifically, as a form of payment, akin to other forms of transfer, e.g. charity, reimbursement, or taxation. Bestowed not only by private persons but also by, or at least in the name of, groups and communities, the gifts act as delineative of social boundaries and render communication across them, without compromising those distinctions. In this sense, they could be thought of as access / communication fees in a medium where various agents act as brokers of patronage and agents of government for an early modern bureaucracy.
A tale of two women: Ishimoto Shidzue and Selma Ekrem, a study on missionary feminism and women's education
(Thesis (M.A.)-Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences, 2007., 2007.) Soyubol, Kutluğhan.; Duben, Alan.
This study, which starts by taking modernization as its focal point, concentrates on two countries (late Meiji, Taisho and early Showa Japan and late Ottoman Empire, early Republican Turkey) that are accepted as examples of “late modernization.” To do this, it uses two “modern” women, namely Ishimoto Shidzue and Selma Ekrem, from these countries as its main subjects. As a result of the fact that these two women published their autobiographies in America in the 1930s, and appeared in international circles as representatives of their countries, this study puts the biographies of these women, as well as their autobiographies, at its center. In addition to that, it asserts that these two women knew each other through the international feminist networks of the period, and sat next to each other at an international feminist meeting in Chicago in 1933. Furthermore, it tries to show the path that carried these women to their encounter by following the traces of these two women. Thus, arriving at the missionary, feminist and socialist networks of the period, it displays another face of modernization. Moreover, while doing this, it indeed focuses on the different shapes that these women had to get into, and the privileges of the West concerning the East that they sometimes used and sometimes challenged in order to survive in such international networks. Finally, the study succeeds in reading the differing paths of these two “late” modernization examples ii through these two women who differentiated themselves from their societies almost in the same manner in the same period.
A tanzimat intellectual: Sadık Rıfat Paşa’s economic thoughts
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2015., 2015.) Akan, Seriyye.; Toksöz, Meltem.
This thesis tries to analyze economic thoughts advocated by Sadık Rıfat Paşa, who occupied significant state positions in the first half of the nineteenth century and was accepted as one of the Tanzimat reformers. While his writings on economy represent a continuation of the classical era in terms of stye, they demonstrate western originated thoughts in their content. He could also be accepted as the first person who proposed western inspired economic policies at governmental level in the nineteenth century. His economic thoughts and proposals are disorganized in his writings and they did not establish a theoretical basis; instead they rather seem to have been targeted at practical and efficient solutions for the contemporary economic problems. In this study we firstly reviewed Sadık Rıfat Paşa’s political thoughts and then shortly described cameralist and liberal economic policies. Secondly, we touched on the basic characteristics of the Ottoman economic thinking before the nineteenth century and generally delineated Ottoman economic thought in the nineteenth century. Lastly, we tried to evaluate and contextualize Sadık Rıfat Paşa’s economic thoughts in its historical setting.
A tarditional district, a conservative image: a history of Üsküdar between 1838-1914
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute of Social Sciences, 2002., 2002.) Onaran, Burak.; Eldem, Edhem,
In this thesis, Üsküdar, one of the four administrative districts of Ottoman Istanbul, has been analysed between 1838 and 1914 with reference to the concepts of conservative and traditional. Üsküdar's cultural and economic structure has been analysed according to the changes undergone, or to the changes not undergone when compared with the other districts of Istanbul. The image of Üsküdar formed in that period has been analysed by looking at how Üsküdar and Scutarians were described in late nineteenth and early twentieth century texts such as novels, newspapers, guide books and travel books. In the last chapter, Üsküdar's cultural structure and image has been re-evaluated in the context of the conservative mode of thought of late Ottoman modernists. The findings of this study, looking at Üsküdar through the concept of conservatism, have been used in order to understand the world of symbols that is related to the conservative mode of thought of late Ottoman modernists.
A young Turk journal: |Terakki
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences, 1985., 1985.) Mert, Nuray, 1960-; Toprak, Zafer.
African slaves in the 19th-century Ottoman Empire
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2017., 2017.) Özdemir, Özgül.; Terzibaşoğlu, Yücel.
This thesis examines the life stories of enslaved African people throughout the 19th century Ottoman Empire in the light of archival and fictional texts. Orthodox historical literature on the institution of Ottoman slavery, along with contemporary public opinion regarding it, suggests that slavery in the Ottoman Empire was a benign social mechanism. Since slaves were considered to be “daughters” or “sons” of the houses they served, according to this perception, it is assumed that there were no imminent peril of abuse regarding the slaves and their lives were fairly easy in comparison to their comrades in the Americas. This study, focusing particularly on domestic and elite slaves, questions this perception and attempts to demonstrate that slavery was a harsh reality even for those who were relatively well-protected and best integrated. Additionally, by applying the bottom-up methodology to different types of sources, this thesis argues that slaves were not only subject to maltreatment but also carried the stigma of slavery even after “freedom”.
Agrarian change in Bosnia under Habsburg rule :|1878 - 1914
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2019., 2019.) Gürlek, Ayşe Sena.; Terzibaşoğlu, Yücel.
This study aims to examine the changing nature of the agrarian relations in Habsburg-occupied Bosnia. To this end, it analyses the administrative and legal practices of the Austro-Hungarian administration regarding landed property, land tenure and taxation of agricultural production. This study mainly focuses on the legislation which was drawn up by the Austrian lawmakers especially for Bosnia and is available on the official web site of the Austrian National Library. In addition to these digitised sources, this study makes use of the reports which were produced by the Common Ministry of Finance, in whose jurisdiction Bosnia laid, and which are now preserved in the Austrian State Archive in Vienna. The widely held view in the historiography is that the Austro-Hungarian administration adopted and implemented late-Ottoman land legislation and thus avoided any profound change in the existing agrarian structure. By contrast, this study argues that by reinterpreting and applying late-Ottoman land law in particular ways and by supplementing them with new laws the Habsburg administration indeed achieved a fundamental transformation in the agrarian relations. Furthermore, this study argues that the main aspect of the Habsburg administrative and legal practices regarding property and rights in land was the restitution of state ownership in ³land DQG VRLÓ in Bosnia.
Agrarian economy and primary education in the Salonican countryside in the Hamidian Period (1876-1908)
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences, 2012., 2012.) Akçakaya, Zeynep, 1985-; Terzibaşoğlu, Yücel.
Beginning from the nineteenth century, the rulers of Ottoman Empire realized the importance of education in centralizing the administration. The Ottoman subjects would be educated in accordance with the basic principles of the ruling mentality for the development of the empire. In this manner, for the rulers, education created on the one hand a way to form the subjects and on the other, a way to control them through the knowledge given by education. In the Hamidian era, such developmental features of education came to be observed more obviously. Primary education, being the first step in the formation, was spread to create loyal and productive subjects who would espouse the principles of rulers as their own and then provide and carry on the necessary developments in the empire. However, could a central program be effective in spreading education in the countryside? In the countryside of the Ottoman Empire the conditions were much more different than the cities. In the villages the most crucial issue was to produce enough for the next years, therefore everything about agricultural production dominated people’s lives. Hence, the spread of education in the villages was determined by agrarian economy; by the financial and social conditions that it created and by the actors who benefited from these conditions. Most of the time, such conditions in the villages conflicted with the central policies. Therefore, the spread of education in the countryside is the story of the struggle between central efforts and the agrarian economy. And the understanding to the history of the education will be incomplete without a deep observation of the countryside, and an analysis of this struggle. Salonika was on the one hand a region of agricultural prosperity and diversity on the other its city center was one of the developed places in terms of education. Therefore, the region of Salonika presents a perfect example to observe different conditions than the cities and also to see the struggle between central efforts and agrarian economy in the countryside.

Browse

Browsing Tarih by Title

Results Per Page

Sort Options