Atatürk İlkeleri ve İnkılap Tarihi Enstitüsü

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A civil unionist :|the biography of Mehmed Cavid Bey, 1876–1926
(Thesis (Ph.D.) - Bogazici University. Atatürk Institute for Modern Turkish History, 2021., 2021.) Yazıcıoğlu, Ayşe, 1976-; Karaömerlioğlu, M. Asım.; Toprak Zafer.
This dissertation, titled A Civil Unionist: The Biography of Mehmed Cavid Bey (1876–1926), analyzes three issues related to the life of Mehmed Cavid Bey, who was the Minister of Finance during most of the Second Constitutional Period. First, as a reflection of the international arena during this period, the close interaction between the Ottoman Empire’s financial issues and its foreign policy is examined. Second, the policy making processes of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) are analyzed. Third, how the political preferences of the ruling elite were determined during the transition from empire to nation-state will un fold along the axis of Cavid Bey's life story. The original value of this dissertation is its effort to understand the multi-dimensional structure of the history of a country and its desire to achieve poltical and financial independence amid wars, conflicts, revo lution, and ideological transitions through examining the life of an indi vidual.
A comparative study of Turkey and Iran: a socio-political approach
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute of Atatürk's Principles and the History of the Turkish Renovation, 1994., 1994.) Milani, Kemal.; Gülfidan, Şebnem.
This dissertation is a comparative study on two neighbouring countries in the Middle East, Turkey and Iran, both of which experienced similar constitutional revolutions at the beginning of the twentieth century, within a period of two years. Considering the other constitutional movements that occurred one after another raises the question of whether these movements were just the consequences of a world political agenda or they occurred only coincidentally, inspired by their internal dynamics.To answer this question, a comparative study was conducted on Iran and Turkey from an historical perspective. First their traditional socio-political structures on the eve of the nineteenth century before the modernisation movements began were compared, then the reform process in the nineteenth century was shown from an analytical perspective looking at how both domestic and foreign dynamics worked interactively. Before making the final comparison for understanding why these two countries, which have such different political regimes today although they passed through similar constitutional and modernization processes, a detailed study of the events of the revolutions is undertaken. The paper concludes that these developments were inspired and affected by outside forces and developments in the world political system. However, the internal dynamics formed by the historical and cultural backgrounds of these two countries, and the experiences they had in the nineteenth century caused different constitutional revolutions in terms of the outcomes they procudced in the next years.
A descriptive analysis of the Turkish conservative right of the 1960s in the quotidian realm
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Atatürk Institute for Modern Turkish History, 2019., 2019.) Ayan, Yeliz.; Karaömerlioğlu, M. Asım.
The 1960s was a decade characterized by youth movements, new cultural alignments, student revolts and many anti-establishment movements all around the world. Turkey was no exception. Many studies have focused on the left side of the political spectrum yet only a few historical accounts of the conservative, right-wing movements of the era exist. This thesis intends to shed light on the less-focused, poorly-elaborated social and cultural dynamics of Turkish conservatism during the 1960s. Through an examination of the periodical articles penned by prominent proponents of conservatism, the thesis aims to outline the broad political and ideological currents of the era. Attention will be devoted to the staunch opposition to communism, a heavy emphasis on nationalism and an increasing salience of Islamism in periodicals such as Babıali’de Sabah, Bugün and Yeni İstanbul as well as periodicals Büyük Doğu, Diriliş, Milli Gençlik, Milli Yol, Orkun, Selamet, Tohum, Toprak, Türk Düşüncesi and Türk Yurdu, all of which have been inadequately used by pundits of Turkish conservatism. For a background to Turkish conservatism of the era, the global dynamics of conservatism has also been presented, particularly as it developed initially in the European experiences. The study of conservative periodicals of the time reveals the intense emphasis on morality which is considered as the best antidote to communism and other left-wing currents. In this respect, the thesis problematizes the themes revolving around the notion of morality as perceived by Turkish conservatists of the 1960s.
A discourse about normalization or fantasy and Its reflections on everyday life: a cultural-historical analysis of two popular magazines of the 1950's, Bütün Dünya and Hafta
(Thesis (M.A.)-Bogazici University. Atatürk Institute for Modern Turkish History, 2004., 2004.) Özkan, Fulya.; Karaömerlioğlu, M. Asım.
Even though Turkey did not enter World War II officially, it was inevitable for her to be affected by a war that had repercussions throughout the world. Therefore, in a parallel fashion to the new developments following the war, the end of it marked a new era in Turkey as well. The economic prosperity that emerged relative to the harsh war conditions found its ideological reflections in the cultural realm, where a -so to speak- boom was observed. One consequence of this cultural proliferation was an increase in the number of popular culture magazines published in Turkey. Thus, this study presumes that an analysis of two major popular periodicals, Bütün Dünya and Hafta, is a good means to get an understanding of this transition period that followed the war. Accordingly, these two journals had a discourse parallel to the changing socio-economic environment of the post-war years in that they included articles about the entrepreneurial spirit in their pages. However, they reserved a place for a counter-discourse that challenged the industriousness and work ethics of this spirit as well. Moreover, the everyday life of the common people that was narrated in Hafta also constitutes a picture of the reality that contradicted such a discourse. This contradictory nature of the discourse of these two magazines also shapes the theoretical framework of this study in which recent discussions in the academic circles of both history and cultural studies disciplines are examined.
A game of two halves :|the making of professional football in Turkey, 1946-1963
(Thesis (Ph.D.) - Bogazici University. Atatürk Institute for Modern Turkish History, 2019.., 2019.) Tunç, Sevecen.; Kırlı, Cengiz.; Pamuk, Şevket, 1950- .
This dissertation examines the professionalization and popularization of football in Turkey in the period 1946-1963 from a social history perspective. Utilizing an extensive research based on the empirical-analytical model, it explores the transition of Turkish football from an amateur, participant-based sport into a professional mass spectator game. Focusing on a period when Turkish society was itself undergoing a significant transformation, this dissertation asks how changing social, political, demographic, and economic dynamics played role in the transformation of football and its cultural production. The belated move towards professionalism in the post-World War II era, albeit without conceding the game to free-market forces, resulted in an incomplete, hybrid mode of professionalism, that would develop around public service values instead of a business logic. In this regard, this study lifts the lid off the peculiarities that give Turkish professional football its current shape. One of the inspirations for this dissertation is the conception of football as a “total social phenomenon” to use Marcel Mauss’s term, that illuminates the historical development of the wider society. Guided by this perspective, this study contributes to the recognition of football as a subject of serious academic research in Turkey and expands the horizon of the international sports history literature by offering a non-Western case study.
A Historical panaroma of an Istanbul neighborhood: Cihangir from the late nineteenth century to the 2000s
(Thesis (M.A.)-Bogazici University. Atatürk Institute for Modern Turkish History, 2006., 2006.) Sasanlar, Binnaz Tuğba.; Köksal, Duygu.
This study can be seen as a contribution to the history of a cosmopolitan Istanbul neighborhood, Cihangir, where Greeks, Armenians, Jews, Levantines, Turks, and other Muslim and non-Muslim inhabitants lived in harmony for centuries. Based on oral history narratives by older and new inhabitants of the neighborhood as well as primary sources identified by the author, the present study aims to shed light on its cosmopolitan fabric and the changes it has undergone throughout the republican history of Turkey. It reflects its author̕s perspective which situates the story of Cihangir within the framework of the story of the decline of cosmopolitan Istanbul due to the Turkification policies of the nationalist state. After a series of regrettable events like the notorious Wealth Tax of 1942, the 6-7 September riots in 1955, and the 1964 decree for the deportation of Greek nationals, Cihangir lost its original human fabric with the gradual departure of its non-Muslim inhabitants, specifically the Greeks, who were the main population in the neighborhood. It also presents the cosmopolitan mahalle life in Cihangir, especially in the 1950s and the 1960s. After a period of déclassement, however, Cihangir was reinvented in a globalizing metropolis, Istanbul. This study also discusses the process of gentrification in Cihangir and its effects on the neighborhood and the daily mahalle life there. Present day Cihangir is a culturally heterogeneous but ethnically less mixed neighborhood embracing the few remaining Greeks, Armenians, Jews and Levantines. However, it is a neighborhood still living together with its past.
A history of survival : the Turkish-Muslim minority in rural western thrace
(Thesis (Ph.D.) - Bogazici University. Atatürk Institute for Modern Turkish History, 2023., 2023) Chousein Hasan, Şule.; Kırlı, Cengiz.
This study explores the survival strategies of the Turkish Muslim minority rurals in Greece from the Balkan Wars (1913) until to day. It scrutinizes how the minority has survived squeezed in be tween Greece and Turkey in the historical course of the cheq uered bilateral relations. Focusing on the rural community in different geographies (highland, middle-line and lowland vil lages) of Greek Thrace, it elucidates how the rurals devised their strategies of survival in certain historical ruptures by focusing on their narrations about how they remember the past and how their past experiences influenced their survival strategies. Social hierarchies within the rural community, intercommunal rela tions with the local Greek Orthodox, interactions between the minority institutions and the elite, and their historical bonds with Turkey are explored to find out their impact on the rurals’ survival strategies and the social changes and continuities within the rural community.
A history of the social struggles in Fatsa 1960-1980
(Thesis (M.A.)-Bogazici University. Atatürk Institute for Modern Turkish History, 2007., 2007.) Morgül, Kerem.; Karaömerlioğlu, M. Asım.
This thesis aims to make a modest contribution, via the Fatsa experience, to the efforts to revive the collective memory about the social struggles in Turkey in the 1960s and 1970s. To achieve this target, the thesis utilizes a social history approach that focuses on the everyday experiences of ordinary people regarding social inequalities and their struggles to overcome these inequalities. The social disturbances between 1960 and 1980 are reduced merely to left-right conflicts, youth radicalism and anarchy in the official historiography, and usually to the inevitable social reflections of some macro-structural transformations in the social sciences literature about the period. This thesis argues that in reality these disturbances were a sign of the strict class struggles between laboring masses and capital. In accordance with this argument, it is claimed that the period in question amounted to a historical swelling of the social opposition wave all over the country, as a result of which the resistances and struggles of laboring masses became the principal component of the political sphere that is generally restricted to inter-elite struggles in traditional narratives. Thanks to its local character which ensured that the policies were shaped by a dialectical relation developed between the revolutionaries and the people within the everyday struggles aiming to overcome the concrete problems of the common people, the social opposition in Fatsa acquired an extensive mass support, and this middle-sized coastal town became an arena of one of the most severe social struggles in the country.
A Re-politicized history of Iranian transit migrants passing through Turkey in the 1980s
(Thesis (M.A.)-Bogazici University. Institute Atatürk for Modern Turkish History, 2008., 2008.) Jefroudi, Maral.; Kırlı Cengiz.
This study scrutinizes the experiences of Iranian transit migrants passing through Turkey in the 1980s, whose history is dehumanized and depoliticized in the reconstruction of the history of Turkey’s experience with transit migration. It is argued that extracting their stories for the sake of depicting a homogenized picture of Iranian transit migrants in the background disguises the conflicts, struggles, and strategies embedded in their lives in transit. It is also argued that their experiences of being in transit cannot be told without taking into account their pre-flight experiences and their subjective assessment of being a refugee. The present study focuses on Iranian transit migrants’ relations with the Turkish authorities, their perceptions of being in transit in Turkey, and the relations among the community of Iranians in transit. It is argued that the degree of political affiliation was an important factor in the way they experienced being a transit migrant. Through the case of the Iranian transit migrants passing through Turkey in the 1980s, this study aims to contribute to the literature that challenges the victimized portrait of refugee. The main sources of this thesis are oral narratives of Iranian refugees living in Sweden and Germany, as well as written and filmed narratives of or pertaining to Iranians passing through Turkey.
A reading practice as the consumption of leisure time: Hayat magazine 1980-1986
(Thesis (M.A.)-Bogazici University. Atatürk Institute for Modern Turkish History, 2006., 2006.) Komut, Bilgen.; Özbek, Nadir.
This study strives to shed light on the socio-cultural transformations of a period, the 1980s. This decade, for Turkey, is evaluated throughout the thesis as a new break incontinuity rather than a total differentiation. Because, even though there were constant transformations beginning in the 1950s towards "consumption society," consumption patterns and leisure activities were evolved into cultural practices by permeating the everyday life through multiple media channels in the 1980s. Since reading practice was a widespread leisure activity and Hayat was one of the most well-known weekly news periodicals, the issues of this magazine published in the post-1980 is decoded within the thesis in order to get an understanding of two points: one is the changing assessment of leisure time and the other is the role attributed to media. Therefore, throughout the thesis the historical period the thesis deals with is discussed by considering the interaction between two points.
A social history of rice in Turkey
(Thesis (Ph.D.) - Bogazici University. Atatürk Institute for Modern Turkish History, 2020., 2020.) Ceylan, Okan.; Karaömerlioğlu, M. Asım.
This dissertation examines the transformation of rice farming before the state, the society, and the economy in Turkey between 1948 and 2018. Rice is one of the most important fields of application of the Green Revolution after the Marshall Plan is examined from a spatial point of view in three basins such as the Meriç Basin, the Lower Kızılırmak-Lower Yeşilırmak Basins and Karacadağ Agricultural Basin. Both the geographical locations of these basins in Turkey and the differences in their agricultural structures and human capital are determinative in their preference as a field study. However, apart from these basins, there has been rice farming culture in South Marmara, Adana, West and Central Black Sea sub regions. In other words, this dissertation both explains the story of agricultural transformation in a historical process and presents a comparative perspective among these basins on a spatial scale. Therefore, this study can be evaluated in the fields of economic history, social history and environmental history. The main claim of this dissertation is to prove that thanks to the biological and agricultural properties of rice, it is a historical actor that directs the state, society, and the economy. On this basis, this study is far from putting sharp boundaries between nature and society and the anthropocentric historiography. In this context, this study examines the subject by putting the reciprocal relations and interests between the desires of human beings and the biological and agricultural requirement of rice into the center. The main purpose of this study is to explain the bureaucratic, economic and social networks of rice from its cultivation and harvest to its processing in to paddy and consumption. The main findings of this dissertation are that rice is a social, cultural, economic, artistic and bureaucratic commodity. In this context, rice requires specialized and intensive labor to collaborate with society, the state and market actors to be able to spread and carry its genes into the future. Besides, acquisition, nutrition and profit underlie in the desire of a human being toward rice. To sum up rice with one word, it can be conceptualized as the crop of controversies. As a matter of fact, it is too difficult to find any other crop that accommodates collaboration and conflict of interest and also the bureaucratic control in the cultivation of rice and free market economy in the sale of rice at the same time.
A tale of coexistence : a history of Cyprus from 1860 to 1931
(Thesis (Ph.D.) - Bogazici University. Atatürk Institute for Modern Turkish History, 2023., 2022) Çetiner, Nur.; Kırlı, Cengiz.
This dissertation examines the inter-communal relationships between Orthodox Christian Greek Cypriots and Muslim Turkish Cypriots from 1860 to 1931. The study aims to shed light on a history of coexistence on the island of Cy prus. The main goal of this dissertation is to present an inclusive bi-communal narrative and to ask new questions about the national identity construction processes of the two communities living together. The chronological timeline of the thesis is started with the Ottoman inspection on the island in =>?@ and is completed with the rebellion in =AB=. The study intends to start from =>?@, in other words, before the administration of the island was passed to the Brit ish, and end with the =AB= rebellion because it was necessary to take a date after =AIB in order to see the effects of the establishment of the new Turkish Republic of Turkey and its aftermath on Cyprus. Further, it examines the iden tity formation processes of Cypriots using "ambivalence" while constructing a common historical narrative by examining the daily lives of Cypriots and their inter-communal relationships. Based on Ottoman and British sources, this study explores the socio-political life of Orthodox Christian Greek Cyp riots and Muslim Turkish Cypriots during the late Ottoman period and under British colonial rule.
A teacher, agitator and guide: Talebe Defteri and the formation of an ideal child (1913-1919)
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Atatürk Institute for Modern Turkish History, 2014., 2014.) Atakan, Atacan.; Köksal, Duygu.
This thesis examines one Talebe Defteri, a children’s journal, published in the late Ottoman era from 1913 to 1919, that focused on the formation of the ideal child. Since nationalism was a popular idea in society and among the intellectuals, and it was in practice through state policies, especially after the Balkan Wars, the journal is analyzed through the filter of nationalism. With patriotic agitation, Talebe Defteri stimulated the nationalist feelings of readers and raised national consciousness. At the same time, it promoted militarism, heroism, patriotism and revenge and it also presented a modernity perspective by supporting the modern education system and its methods, equality between men and women, the improvement of women’s social status, entrepreneurship, healthcare and physical training. Also, it touched upon the issues of morality and civil society, referring to scouting and youth associations. The discussions on nationalism and social issues in the journal provide clues about the characteristics of the ideal child in that period: patriotic, couregous, bodily, mentally and morally strong, resolute, hard-working, and a follower of modernity.
A turning point in the formation of the Kurdish left in Turkey : the revolutionary eastern cultural hearths (1969 - 1971)
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Atatürk Institute for Modern Turkish History, 2011., 2011.) Yeleser, Selin.; Özbek, Nadir.
This thesis scrutinizes the initial step in the formation of an autonomous Kurdish left movement, the Revolutionary Eastern Cultural Hearths, following the social mobilization in Turkey in the late 1960s. The dissociation of the Kurdish left from Turkish left organizations was facilitated by the radicalization of social movements and the crisis in the Turkish left accompanied by the discontent with the propositions put forward by the official ideology. The influence of socialism shaped the general outlook of the organization while attention to ethnic problems increased gradually. This study argues that the Hearths were the first legal autonomous Kurdish organizations that brought socialism and the ethnic question together, founded on the basis of ethnic considerations by the leadership of the Kurdish youth having mostly socialist orientations. Considering the aspects to gather all Kurdish people regardless of their political affiliations and to take hold in daily lives of people, this study poses the question that whether the Hearths became the first ethnic-based mass organization with socialist orientations. Since the elaboration of the problems pertaining to the eastern parts of Turkey was mostly confined to economic terms in the period, this thesis states that the Hearths brought about the ethnic dimension of these problems. Albeit with the evident remnants with economic-led arguments inherited from the Turkish left, this study reveals the rising interest of the Hearths in Kurdish nationality, language, history and literature. Methodologically, the publications and the trial documents, accompanied by the interviews, constitute the primary sources of this study contents of which reveal the diverging path of the Kurdish left in organizational terms from the Turkish one. Though the trial process of the Hearths was regarded as the sole legacy upon the Kurdish movement in Turkey, this thesis, conceding its ultimate significance, revises the Hearths as the first organization to have departed organizationally from the Turkish left while retaining the juxtaposition of socialist and ethnic considerations.
Abduction of women and elopement in the nineteenth century Ottoman nizamiye courts
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Atatürk Institute for Modern Turkish History, 2015., 2015.) İlaslan, Gamze.; Kırlı, Cengiz.
This study examines the court cases involving the abduction of women and elopement in nineteenth century Ottoman Anatolia and Rumelia provinces. It examines the relation between the law and ordinary Ottoman subjects, their perception and usage of law. Nineteenth century of the Ottoman Empire with its projects focusing on population, security and honor was studied by means of the court cases of abduction and elopement since the abduction of women and elopement generally lead to turnoil, security problems, and damages to honor because these crimes generally involved the rape or seduction of women. Although the Ottomans criminalized the abduction of women in the Penal Code of 1851 with the article of 206, their effort didnot stop the abduction of women or elopement. It led to a battle against the customary tradition of wedding rituals and the standardization of some of the sharia rules. Within this thesis, the modernization of customs and standardization of sharia law, the general view of Ottomans about the abduction of woman and elopement indicates how and in what way a “proper” marriage should be arranged and defined.
After deindustrialization, in the midst of urban transformation: the case of Paşabahçe
(Thesis (M.A.)-Bogazici University. Atatürk Institute for Modern Turkish History, 2008., 2008.) Alnıaçık, Ayşe.; Buğra, Ayşe,
This study scrutinizes Paşabahçe borough which had witnessed deindustrialization as a prominent social change and came to be threatened with displacement due to the rise of neoliberal urbanism. The specific characteristic of the district has been that once it was a blue-collar worker basin where generations of factory workers were the main current in the production of a self-sufficient and integrated space in its social and economic life. However, in the realm of working life, deindustrialization meant the end of the specific occupation of being a factory worker and the appearance of multiple, fragmented, and even derogatory job positions. The people are kept in this working life by the pressure of unemployment. In this context, the stories of the factory workers were about decline, dispersal, and defeat of the community and place, since plant-closures were experienced as dissolution of place in economic, social, and cultural means. The place and its inhabitants have been left with the ruins of the factory buildings waiting their arrangement in the new urban politics, since the production of space in the district that dated back to the fordist phase of urbanization became superfluous with plant-closings. Concurrently, the urban fabric of Paşabahçe has been in the process of a complete transformation, as the gated communities have been developing at the higher elevations and urban transformation projects has been stepped in. In this context, this study concentrates on the experience of these prominent changes in which the inhabitants perceive dispossession. As the plight of the borough has been observed, people seem to gain a kind of critical awareness on the class strategies operating in this process. Correspondingly, this study also examines the response of people to this dislocating process and their means and limits of solidarity and resistance. The appearance of a rupture between generations according to age and migration is an important determining factor. The generation of migrant factory workers and their close community have different repertoire of events and different “sense of past.” Thus, their “appeal to past” under the constant threat of displacement should be considered with its potential contributive effect to a novel organization, yet, the process is open. iii
Agrarian and commercial change in the Southeastern Black Sea region :|production, ecology, and institutions (1850s-1910s)
(Thesis (Ph.D.) - Bogazici University. Atatürk Institute for Modern Turkish History, 2019., 2019.) Mahmuzlu, Ekin.; Kırlı, Cengiz.; Pamuk, Şevket, 1950- .
This dissertation examines the changes in local agricultural production, when the local market in the Southeastern Black Sea region was being integrated into global markets from the mid-1850s to 1910s. It first examines the structure of agricultural production and commerce by deconstructing each step for every major crop and then captures agrarian and commercial changes at the micro-level. Benefitting from recent developments in economic history - institutional economics and ecological economics - the thesis analyses the causality behind the agrarian and commercial change. The key finding is that although the emergence of capitalism and global markets triggered a series of agrarian and commercial changes at the global level, economic conditions, especially transportation, transaction, capital, and information costs determined the direction and limits of these agrarian and commercial changes in local agriculture and commerce. The dissertation argues that the amplitude and direction of agrarian change were determined by changes in commercial and financial institutions, innovation in transportation and information technologies, and emergence of the agro-industries under the constraint of ecological and climatic conditions. There had been two major agrarian and commercial change periods. In the first period, the longdistance agrarian market formed mostly thanks to innovations in transportation, information technologies lead to agrarian change, especially in tobacco and haricot during mid-1850s-1860s. In the second period, these markets were transformed especially thanks to institutional changes in financial institutions and emergence of agro-industries, which triggered agrarian change in tobacco, hazelnut and grains (1890s-1910).
Agreements and friedship between Greece and Turkey in 1930: contesting nationalist discourses and press reactions
(Thesis (M.A.)-Bogazici University. Atatürk Institute for Modern Turkish History, 2007., 2007.) Vakali, Anna.; Toprak, Zafer.
The signing, among others, of a “friendship agreement” between Greece and Turkey in 1930 has been coined by official nationalist discourses as the initiation of a brand new “friendship-era” between the two nations. This rupture though was undermined by the fact that the signing followed only few years after the end of the Greek-Turkish war in 1922, and the ethnic tensions that the ten-year-long fighting had brought as its unavoidable repercussion. This thesis, after a brief analysis of the international matrix in which the Greek-Turkish rapprochement was concluded, proceeds to a two-fold analysis: On the one hand it reconstructs the nationalist discourses -mirrored in parliament debates and public speeches, as well as the regime-loyal press, that is, the Venizelist Ελεύθερον Βμ{460} (Free Tribune), and the Turkish Cumhuriyet (Republic)- with which both the Venizelist and the Kemalist government justified in public the followed policy and attempted to render the other party as a “trustable” and “new” partner, disentangling it thereby from past connotations, while presenting themselves as fully supported by both countries’ “public opinion.” On the opposite pole, it seeks to shed light on the differences evolving between these official nationalist discourses and oppositional/popular ones. With that aim it analyzes the two countries’ press spectrum of 1930 and sheds light on the different nationalist imaginaries that were uttered around the signing of the agreements in June and October 1930, by popular versions of the official nationalist discourse, like the Turkish newspaper Vakit (Time), by oppositional parties, as the anti-Venizelists in Greece, or such marginalized groups like the refugees/exchangees and the communists. The method thereby used is a critical reading and a reconstruction of the texts of the parliament discussions and a variety of newspapers, with the aim to create a narrative unraveling the different political implications, the power relations and the contradictions these contain.
Agricultural growth in the 1930s in Turkey
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in Atatürk's Principles and the History of Turkish Renovation, 1999., 1999.) Akarçay, Ayça.; Pamuk, Şevket, 1950- .
Assessment of the economic development of the 1930s in Turkey have mainly emphasized industrial development, which is attributed to state-led policies (etatism). However, developments in agricultural sector were also important. Agricultural production, especially cereal production, increased despite the deflationary context. As such, it constituted another factor behind the industrial growth. Existing literature on the agricultural sector in Turkey in 190s either emphasizes state policies, which are said to have favoured small peasantry; or the impoverishment and differentiation of the peasantry, attributing growth to external demand; or to population recovery; or to favourable weather conditions. It appears that exports could not have been a source of growth. State intervention -price support programmes in wheat production, wheat purchases, credits to the agricultural sector or more specifically to cereal producers. Peasantry differentiation does not seem to have occurred on a major scale, meaning that small peasantry prevailed as under Ottoman rule; otherwise, the production increase in cereals could not be explained. The population increase was indeed an important factor; however, as Per capita production also increased it was certainly not the only factor behind the growth as such. There is no evidence that the second half of the 1930s was a particularly favourable period in terms of rainfall. If the explanations given in the literature do not explain the growth or are insufficient, other factors such as the nature of the peasantry and the dynamics of that strata seem to have been the main factors behind the growth.
Albanian dilemna in the Balkans: nationalism and globalization
(Thesis (M.A.)-Bogazici University. Atatürk Institute for Modern Turkish History, 2005., 2005.) Fshazi, Falma.; Babuna, Aydın, 1959- .
This thesis consists of a case study of the interaction of nationalism andglobalization in a specific geography: the Balkans, more precisely, Albania, Kosovo andMacedonia. The thesis is focused on three major issues: first, it analyses three Albanian societies in the Balkans focusing on the nationalist dynamics. It analyses and comparesthe present situation of Albanian nationalism and the national identity in Albania, Kosovoand Macedonia. Second, it investigates the interaction of globalization and nationalism inthese societies with a special emphasis on the effect of globalization on national identity, ethnic minorities and nation-state. Third, the thesis makes an effort to debunk some myths on the Balkans and especially on the Albanians. Despite the historical backgroundthat tries to trace the roots of the present day Albanian situation in the past, the concern ofthe thesis is the current condition of nationalism and national dynamics especially in Albania, but also in Kosovo and Macedonia. The thesis represents also a general analysisof the society in a former communist country - Albania - and the effect the communistregime had on national identity. To sum up, the thesis attempts to throw some light oncontemporary Albania and the nearby Albanian communities, trying to offer some realistic insight into the real social and political dynamics of the Albanians in the WesternBalkans.

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