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A computational approach to collectivity and distributivity in Turkish quantificational sentences
(Thesis (Ph.D.)-Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences, 2010., 2010.) Bülbül, Eda Esra.; Demiralp, Mine Nakipoğlu.; Kelepir, Meltem.
This dissertation discusses the nature of quantificational sentences with the quantifiers her “every” and bütün “all” in Turkish and investigates how quantificational sentences get interpreted in terms of collectivity / distributivity. Departing from previous approaches, the study proposes to examine the role each constituent of a sentence attributes to the interpretation of a sentence and claims that the distributive or collective interpretation of a sentence is a function of the meanings of its constituents pertaining to the notion of collectivity and of the way they are combined. The model proposed in the dissertation puts forward a computational interpretation mechanism referred to as the Modified Plus Principle which operates on the feature of [alphaCOLL] that every constituent in a structure is assumed to bring from the lexicon. This interpretation mechanism enables us to argue that lexical items associated with the [-COLL] feature such as the distributive predicates, the quantifier her “every” and singular nouns are potentially have a more influential role than the ones associated with the [+COLL] feature such as the collective predicates, the quantifier bütün “all” and plural nouns in interpreting a sentence as either collective or distributive.
A corpus analysis of multiple negation in Turkish
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2019., 2019.) Özbey, Can.; Akar, Didar.
This study investigates double negative constructions (DNCs) in Turkish that incorporate an inner verbal negation followed by an outer sentential negation with respect to their pragmatic properties in a general corpus linguistics framework. In order to find such marked constructions, we have compiled a corpus and conducted a collocational analysis to observe which tense, agreement marker, verbs and discourse markers that follow the sentential negation operator değil are more prevailingly employed in DNCs. The asymmetrical distribution of DNCs in the context of specific grammatical and lexical elements designates the use of multiple negation as a mitigation device. Such contexts in which multiple negation leads to understatement are revealed by an elaborate empirical investigation, which indicates that the use of impersonalization and certain type of lexical elements are significantly affiliated with multiple negation. It is observed that the verbs and the majority of post-değil elements are semantically associated with the cognitive, perceptive or emotive stance of the author. The correlation between impersonalization and particular semantic characteristics of the lexical items constitutes a strong basis in explaining the pragmatic effects of the phenomenon of multiple negation.
A government phonology analysis of Turkish consonants
(Thesis (Ph.D.)-Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences, 2006., 2006.) Balcı, Ercan.; Denwood, Ann.
The main topic of this dissertation is a detailed analysis of Turkish consonants in theframework of Government Phonology. In order to explain a number of phonologicalphenomena involving consonants, the elemental composition of consonants in Turkish is proposed for the first time. Stem-final and suffix-initial voicingalternations are discussed to find out the best way to represent voice. Fortition by theelement H and spreading of H are proposed respectively to explain these voicingalternations in phonological expressions containing the ? element. In the light of the representation of voice, the representation of all consonants is based on the proposedanalysis of voice contrasts. The governing relations in word-final consonant clustersare accounted for by inter-onset government. The elemental composition ofconsonants explains consonant clusters, the word-initial phenomenon and the wordfinal phenomenon. The role and the representation of palatalized consonants with theI element help us to account for the different ways of interpreting the first vowel of aword and to explain unexpected vowel harmony in the suffixes after word-finalpalatalized consonants. The data concerning word-final consonant clusters is drawn from TELL, and the data about the effect of palatalized consonants on neighboringnuclei is tested with 40 native speakers of Modern Turkish orally. This studyprovides elemental representations of Turkish consonants generated by a set ofsuggested Licensing Constraints on the combinations of elements and accounts for various phonological phenomena by referring to universal principles and parameters.
A linguistic approach to poetry for advanced TFL classes
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences, 1983., 1983.) Bengi, Işın.
A phonological and morphological analysis of instrumental noun-verb pairs in Turkish sign language (TİD)
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2013., 2013.) Özkul, Aslı.; Göksel, Aslı.
This study investigates the differences between instrumental N/V (insN/V) pairs in TİD through phonological and morphological parameters. Length, repetition and mouthing have been examined as the phonological criteria for insN/V distinction. Additionally, classifier types, iconicity and use of space have been investigated as morphological criteria and their contribution to insN/V distinction has been evaluated. We used pictures of objects and action videos in experimental settings to collect the data. The final analysis was made on the 120 N/V pairs elicited from four signers. We observed how nouns differ from verbs in terms of six criteria and concluded that mouthing and iconicity are the two prominent criteria to distinguish nouns from verbs in TİD. Then, we compared TİD to other sign languages in the light of the previous studies on the subject. The discussion focuses on the presence of lexical categories (mainly nouns and verbs) in TİD and universality of these categories with respect to examples from TİD. The elaboration was made on the most suitable approach to lexical categorization for TİD according to its specific characteristics. Lastly, we outlined its contributions to thestudies on sign languages and drew attention to limitations of our study.|Keywords: Turkish Sign Language, Phonology, Morphology, Lexical categorization, Noun-verb distinction.
A semantic description of Turkish conditional sentences
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2021., 2021.) Soykan, Bergül.; Demirok, Ömer Faruk.
This thesis aims to provide a semantic description for the conditional statements in Turkish by mainly focusing on the interpretations of three different morphemes: namely the aorist, the conditional, and the past markers. Although Göksel and Kerslake (2005) briefly describe how the interpretation of conditional constructions may be affected by these markers, there has not been any detailed study on their semantic contributions. Therefore, I offer a semi-formal explanation for their interpretations in the context of conditionals here. Firstly, for the aorist marker occurring at the antecedent, I propose that it can shift the time of the modal operator in the conditional statement from the time of utterance to the future. However, if it chooses its characterizing reading instead of the future-oriented one, then it functions as an operator quantifying over situations. Secondly, with respect to the conditional morpheme, I argue that there are two separate markers with distinct meaning contributions. I claim that the indicative conditional marker -(y)sA assigns “epistemically possible” presupposition both for its antecedent and consequent clauses whereas the subjunctive -sA additionally brings in a certain “likelihood” presupposition for the antecedent. Lastly, concerning the past marker, I agree with the idea that it keeps its temporal meaning in both types of conditionals. Nevertheless, I suggest that it is interpreted as the modal time of the conditional statement when it is used with the subjunctive conditional marker and the conditional sentence holds no presuppositions in this context. As a result, due to the scalar competition between the past subjunctive and its indicative counterpart, the counterfactuality implicature arises for the past subjunctive conditional construction.
A split model for category specification: lexical categories in Turkish
(Thesis (Ph.D.)-Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences, 2009., 2009.) Uygun, Dilek.; Göksel, Aslı.
This dissertation discusses the nature of the traditionally recognized categorial distinctions "noun", "adjective" and "verb" in Turkish and investigates whether these distinctions are specified in the lexicon or in syntax. Based on the constraints governing the morphological and syntactic distribution of lexical expressions in Turkish, this study shows that there is a lexically specified category distinction among lexical expressions which is represented in the lexicon by the ± values of a single feature N. It is argued that this distinction divides lexical items into three major groups: +N expressions which are stative, –N expressions which are nonstative and expressions which are unspecified for the value of N. It is argued that the traditional noun-adjective distinction does not represent a category distinction in the lexicon and +N expressions become nouns in syntax through case assignment and become adjectives when they occur in attributive modification structures. It is further demonstrated that there are in fact no verbs in the lexicon and that the expressions traditionally classified as verbs are composed of a -N root expression and event heads such as CAUSE, DO and BECOME. This study, in conclusion, introduces a model of category specification which is split between the lexicon and syntax and demonstrates that as there are expressions in the lexicon with specified category features, there are also expressions with unspecified category features and which are categorized in syntax.
A study of errors in learning Turkish: |case endings
(Thesis (M.A.)- Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences, 1984., 1984.) Oğuzkan, Pınar.; Sebüktekin, Hikmet,
A tripartite division of stative verbs in Turkish
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2018., 2018.) Kısa Kaz, Nagihan.; Akar, Didar.; Erguvanlı-Taylan, Eser.
This thesis investigates the semantic and syntactic behavior of stative verbs in Turkish in the light of two recent analyses, namely Maienborn (2005, 2007) and Rothmayr (2009). It proposes a tripartite division for stative verbs in Turkish: (i) Kimian states (K-states), (ii) Davidsonian states (D-states), the distinction already drawn by Maienborn (2005, 2007) and (iii) Equivocal states (E-states). Evidence for this division comes from both the existing tools in the literature and new tools suggested in this study. In new tools, based on the (in)compatibility of stative verbs with two post-verbs -(y)Adur and -(y)Iver and two converbial suffixes forming adverbial clauses -(y)A…(y)A and -(A/I)r….-mAz, all of which convey certain aspectual information, the tripartite division of stative verbs in Turkish is further supported. It is argued that the distribution of -(y)Adur and -(y)A…(y)A in stative verbs indicates K-states/D-states division manifest itself in Turkish such that K-states are incompatible with both units, whereas D-states are compatible with them. On the other hand, the distribution of -(y)Iver and -(A/I)r….-mAz in stative verbs shows these units are incompatible with stative verbs under stative interpretation, which validates all the types are stative. A further type to this bipartite division is suggested, namely E-states, by showing E-states are likely to be ambiguous between stative and achievement reading. They can be disambiguated via adverbial use, and therefore are highly context-dependent. The equivocal nature of E-states shows itself especially when E-states occur with -(y)Iver and -(A/I)r….-mAz since E-states are compatible with both units, but only under an achievement reading.
A uniform account of personal and impersonal passives in Turkish
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2020., 2020.) Dikmen, Furkan.; Öztürk Başaran, Balkız.
In the literature, the general assumption is that passives of unaccusative predicates, and therefore passives of passives, or double passives are cross-linguistically unavailable. Current theories of syntax and semantics rule out such constructions in various ways. The most recent advancement in this endeavor is to suggest that passivization is necessarily restricted to the Voice domain, which is only available to unergative and (di)transitive structures. However, Turkish systematically allows both passives of unaccusative predicates and double passives, which we argue to pose a serious problem to the syntactic and semantic theory because current theories are founded on the premise that such constructions are prohibited. In this thesis, we will show that passive clauses are not derived from their active counterparts. More specifically, we will suggest that passive clauses are formed with items merged from the passive domain. This domain may consist of more than one passive head, subject to different licensing conditions in a language or may not be available for independent reasons. Hence, we argue that some languages may allow passives of unaccusatives and double passives if they fulfill these conditions. Particularly, we will argue that the head not merged in the active structure may be compensated for in the passive domain. However, if a head must somehow be projected before the passive domain, its corresponding passive form cannot be merged in the passive domain because it would cause two predicates of the same semantic contribution to be present in the same structure.
Acquisition of complementation in Turkish
(Thesis (M.A.)-Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences, 2002., 2002.) Ciğer, Aslı.; Taylan, Eser Erguvanlı.
This thesis analyzes the acquisition of complement structures in Turkish, concentrating on the acquisition of object complements formed with the nominalizers -mAK, -mA, -DIK and -(y)AcAk. Both naturalistic and experimental data are analyzed. The naturalistic data consists of longitudinal data collected from four monolingual Turkish children between the ages of 1;1,19 and 3;3,3. and the cross-sectional data of 33 children between 2;0 and 4;8. Comprehension and production of each nominalizing suffix are discussed for the naturalistic data. It is observed that -mAK complements with control verbs are acquired first between the ages 2;0-3;0. There are a few examples of -mA complements only around age 3;0 in the speech of one of the subjects. -DIK complements were not observed either in children's speech and were very rare in the adults' speech directed to children.Experimental tasks were carried out with 42 children between the ages 3;0- 6;5. There were different experiments assessing children's production, comprehension and imitation of complementation. The order of acquisition observed is similar to the one in the naturalistic data. -mAK complements were the earliest followed by -DIK and -mA complements. -(y)AcAK complements appeared to be last to be acquired.Both syntactic factors such as control structures and semantics of the verb paly a determining role in the order of acquisition. Finally, acquisition of complement structures appears to involve a verb by verb learning process.
Acquisition of modality in Turkish
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2013., 2013.) Terziyan, Treysi.; Taylan, Eser Erguvanlı.; Aksu-Koç, Ayhan.
In this thesis, modality is explored from different perspectives such as semantics, typology and psycholinguistics. The aim of this thesis is to investigate how modality unfolds in the linguistic development of Turkish children and to find what factors affect this development. This aim is accomplished with a longitudinal and an experimental study. In the longitudinal study, two Turkish children's production of modality between ages 1;3-2;0 and 1;6-2;10 is investigated. In the experimental study, children between ages 3 and 5 are tested on their ability to comprehend expressions of modality. Also, in these studies various influences on the acquisition of modality are investigated, such as child directed speech, multifunctionality of forms, morphological and lexical means of modal expressions, pragmatic functions and children's theory of mind abilities. The results of the longitudinal study suggest that the first modal category to be acquired is dynamic modality and then soon after evidential modality. Lastly, epistemic and deontic modalities are acquired around the same time. This is corroborated by the findings ofthe experimental study. Moreover, the influences on the acquisition of modality found on either study were child directed speech, multifunctionality of forms, means of mod ali zed expressions and theory of mind skills.
Acquisition of passives in Turkish
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences, 2011., 2011.) Efeoğlu, Gülümser.; Demiralp, Mine Nakipoğlu.
This study aims at investigating the acquisition of passive constructions in Turkish and to shed light on the path that Turkish children follow in their acquisition of passives in different constructions. Turkish, as an agglutinative language, marks the passive voice on the verb as a suffix which has allomorphs determined by final sounds of verbs. Thus, we predict that children would experience difficulty in sorting out the restrictions on the passive marker. Being the first experimental study focusing on the production of Turkish passives, the present study aims at filling an important gap in the acquisition, in particular production of a voice morpheme in Turkish. In order to figure out this path, elicited production task was administered to 67 Turkish monolingual children (age range 2;2 to 7;5) as the experimental group and 4 Turkish monolingual adults (the control group). Children have been divided into four developmental groups. Passive use was tested in two contexts: passive in the affirmative, generic and passive in the –mAz construction. The experiment involved 71 verb types and 85 tokens which differed in their final sounds, in being monosyllabic or multisyllabic, and in their transitivity. The findings of the current study indicate that although children’s passive use starts early, they do not follow an errorless path. Particularly, children aged between 3;10 and 5;3 commit a high number of irregularization errors, which suggests that they entertain a variety of hypotheses in deciding on the regular and irregular passive markers in the acquisition process and for a certain period they employ the irregular passive morpheme as a default passive marker. However, with the enhancement in their linguistic capacity and in the abundance of counter evidence, with age they manage to use appropriate passive markers. In addition to that, it has been found out that all children’s passive use increased with age and in general performed much better in the production of passives in -mAz construction compared to passive use in affirmative contexts. In brief, the present study shows that the acquisition of passives in Turkish is not an error-free process; rather it is a developmental process during which children exploit a number of linguistic and non-linguistic sources.
Acquisition of relative clauses in Turkish
(Thesis (M.A.)-Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences, 2009., 2009.) Yumrutaş, Neslihan.; Demiralp, Mine Nakipoğlu.
This study analyzes the acquisition of relative clauses in Turkish. Turkish is a language with a dual system of relative clause formation. It differentiates between subject (SR) and nonsubject (NSR) relatives. SR makes use of the nominalizing particle -(y)An and NSR the particle –DIĞ which are selected on the basis of the nature of the relationship of the head noun to the relative clause in Turkish. The choice of correct morphology cannot be an easy task for Turkish-speaking children as they would be challenged by the dual system of relative clause formation in the language. In the present study, experimental data is used. Using a picture-cued elicitation technique, 48 monolingual Turkish-speaking children in three developmental groups (age range: 3;3-8;2) are tested. The experiment is designed to elicit relative clauses in a relativization site of various syntactic positions: subject; direct/indirect/oblique objects. The semantic (reversibility) and syntactic (transitivity) properties of sentences with RCs as well as the position of the head noun in the main sentence are also diversified to see the role of these variables in children’s production of relative clauses. The findings have revealed a big asymmetry in children’s performance of SRCs and NSRCs. Children, regardless of their age groups, performed better on SRCs than NSRCs. The interesting finding of the present study, however, has been that children used subject relativization strategy to avoid nonsubject relativization and this use constituted half of all the nonsubject relative constructions used by each child, regardless of age. A further pattern that emerged has to do with the massive use of resumptives (RP) by children, the use of which is ungrammatical in adult Turkish. The diverse results of the experimental data found in this study have been explained in an account that considers –(y)An as an unmarked relative clause participle in Turkish-speaking children’s early grammar. –(y)An strategy is claimed to be less costly since it requires the least computation both morphologically (no subject-verb agreement) and syntactically (no A-movement). I further claimed that the resumptive pronouns and NPs encountered in the child data can be considered as a device that Turkish speaking children resort to so as to disambiguate nonsubject relative clauses from subject relative clauses. In sum, it has been shown that resumptive use is triggered by children’s use of –(y)An participle as an “All-purpose Relativizer” in Turkish.
Adverbials in Turkish: the third parameter in aspectual interpretation
(Thesis (Ph.D.)-Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences, 2004., 2004.) Güven, Mine.; Taylan, Eser Erguvanlı.
The main argument of the present dissertation is that T/A adverbials in Turkish constitute the third parameter in aspectual interpretation along with the other two parameters, namely situation type and viewpoint aspect. Concerning the expression of viewpoint aspect in Turkish, (i) the semantic distinctions denoted by Turkish T/A morphology and (ii) the basic opposition between perfective vs. imperfective and their extended interpretations are considered. As for the second parameter, the interaction of situation type with objects, Turkish perfective vs. imperfective morphology and T/A adverbials is analyzed. A time-relational analysis/categorization of T/A adverbials is proposed. The data suggest that T/A adverbials constitute one of the core elements of aspectual interpretation and that a combination of the insights of B. Comrie, C. Smith, W. Klein and M. Krifka is required to account for Turkish data adequately. In conclusion, it is argued that aspectual oppositions derive from universal properties of time intervals, relations between intervals and mereological structure and that aspect is a linguistic instantiation of boundedness. The opposition between perfective and imperfective is argued to be an instantiation of a total vs. partial overlap relation between the reference interval and the time of the situation, in analogy to one that obtains between an adverbial interval and the time of the situation. This, in turn, suggests that from a wider perspective aspect is a linguistic reflection of the basic conceptual /perceptual contrast between figure and ground in the sense of L. Talmy and H. Demirdache & M. Uribe-Etxebarria.
Agreement attraction in Turkish
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences, 2022., 2022.) Türk, Utku.; Logacev, Pavel.
In this thesis, I investigate the existing agreement attraction effects in Turkish and how these effects interact with various phenomenon such as (i) case syncretism and local ambiguity, (ii) form heuristics, (iii) response bias, and (iv) honorific readings. Previous studies have shown that speakers occasionally find ungrammatical sentences violating number agreement acceptable when there is another noun sharing same number with the verb, in other words exhibited agreement attraction. Lago et al. (2019) found that genitive-possessive structures were able to induce agreement attraction effects within native Turkish speakers in a speeded acceptability experiment. However, due to the nature of the Turkish and acceptability studies, there are multiple alternative explanations for the existing effects. This thesis aims to weed out possible confounds and clarify the effects by conducting four speeded acceptability judgment experiments. We showed (i) that case-ambiguity on the head noun does not play a role in Turkish agreement attraction (Experiment 1, N = 118), (ii) that participants do not use form-driven-processing-strategies to answer judgment questions (Experiments 2A, N = 80, and 2B, N = 95), (iii) that response bias induced ungrammaticality illusion and only decreased the magnitude of grammaticality illusion (Experiment 3, N = 114), and (iv) that a possible honorific reading does not license superfluous plural marking at the verb (Experiment 4, N = 174). Together, our results challenge cue-based retrieval accounts of agreement attraction and can be accommodated by accounts that assume attraction occurs due to erroneous encodings.
Ambivalent belongings: a discourse analysis of second generation Cretan immigrants in Cunda
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences, 2011., 2011.) Kaya, Neşe.; Akar, Didar.
This thesis analyzes the discourse of second generation Cretan immigrants whose forefathers were forcibly relocated to Cunda via the population exchange between Greece and the Republic of Turkey in 1924. The aim is to analyze the identity construction of the second generation Cretan immigrants to understand their positioning in relation to the migration, migrancy and to the “others” and to reveal the situational, social, historical and political processes that influence and frame their identity formation. In the analysis, we focus on the choice of grammatical voice, pronouns and vocabulary seeking to link the analysis at the level of language with the historical, political and cultural contexts and the discourses and the ideologies in action. A strongly felt ambivalence regarding the issues above emerges as the strongest characteristic of the data. The migration is represented as both “compulsory” and “voluntary” depending on particular contexts. We also observe that the population exchange is set as a milestone in the lives of the immigrants keeping its profound impact. The most frequently raised aspect of identity is ethnicity, specifically “Turkish” and “Cretan”. The participants position themselves as both Turkish and Cretan switching from one to the other as required by the immediate interactional context. In addition, the ambivalence that the second generation immigrants display is also linked to the historical, political and cultural contexts, the other discourses and ideologies in action.
Apophony in Turkish onomatopoeic reduplications
(Thesis (M.A.)-Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences, 2010., 2010.) Baturay, Semra.; Pöchtrager, Markus A.
The present work investigates the sound alternations in Turkish onomatopoeic reduplications and provides an analysis based on apophony. I focus on the vocalic and consonantal alternations as the core data and raise the question whether Turkish onomatopoeic reduplication displays any regularities with respect to the vocalic and consonantal changes observed in the forms. I basically claim that the sound alternations in Turkish onomatopoeic reduplications follow from the Apophonic Path. Turkish implements A→U and U→U alternations from the Path for vocalic alternations, and A→U and Ø→I for consonantal alternations. As for the directionality, the idea in the thesis is that it is the first member which is the source of derivation and apophony. The thesis also argues that onomatopoeic reduplications are compounds, the members of which have their own internal domains in which vowel harmony works. There is a relationship between vowel harmony and apophony in that latter is a morphological operation which is visible to the former which is a phonological operation.
Applicatives in Ladino
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2021., 2021.) Dinç, Fatma Belgin.; Öztürk, Balkız.
This thesis explores how non-core arguments are licensed in Ladino/Judeo Espanyol (JE), a minority language spoken in Turkey by the Sephardic Jews. The language has been in contact with Turkish since the settlement of the Jewish immigrants coming from Spain by the end of the XVth century. We studied low applicative structures in JE with a focus on possessor applicatives. According to our findings, JE does not license the applied arguments below the verb phrase layer except for some frozen expressions, hence the structure is more in line with high applicatives. When the language codes possession or recipients through applicatives, it is restricted to animates therefore it includes also the semantics of affectedness. Another phenomenon observed in JE is that in possessor applicatives the possessor is marked with dative and genitive case interchangeably. In our view this might be a linguistic change towards the merging of dative and genitive case in JE.
Applicatives in Pomak
(Thesis (M.A.) - Bogazici University. Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences, 2022., 2022.) Karakaş, Sercan.; Öztürk, Balkız.
This thesis aims at analyzing how non-core arguments are licensed in Pomak, a severely endangered language spoken in the Balkans, within the Generative Framework, focusing on ditranstive constructions, i.e. double object constructions, prepositional ditranstive constructions, and dative possessors. For the analysis of ditranstive constructions, we provide data from two dialects of Pomak, Şahin dialect spoken in Xanthi, Greece and Uzunköprü dialect spoken in Edirne, Turkey. The findings indicate that Uzunköprü dialect does not exhibit low applicative pattern in ditranstive constructions and instead, it shows the properties of prepositional ditranstive constructions based on binding, scopal relationship and weak cross-over effects unlike the Şahin dialect, which constructs ditranstive constructions via a low applicative head. The analysis of the possessor applicatives is restricted to Uzunköprü dialect and we show that applicative possession in Pomak cannot be analyzed, assuming that the applicative head is in the nominal domain proposed by Iovtcheva (2019) for the analysis of Bulgarian, which is the closest relative of Pomak. Finally, we show that unlike Cuervo (2003), possessor applicatives are constructed via a high applicative, which takes VP as its complement, or a higher applicative, which takes vP as its complement, the selection of which yields in a difference in meaning as a high applicative head contributes to the at-issue tier while higher applicative contributes to the not-at-issue tier.

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